Organic compounds and their uses

ABSTRACT

The present application describes organic compounds that are useful for the treatment, prevention and/or amelioration of human diseases.

BACKGROUND

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global healthburden, with an estimated 170 million people infected worldwide and anadditional 3 to 4 million infected each year (See e.g. World HealthOrganization Fact Sheet No.164. October 2000). Although 25% of newinfections are symptomatic, 60-80% of patients will develop chronicliver disease, of whom an estimated 20% will progress to cirrhosis witha 1-4% annual risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (See e.g.World Health Organization Guide on Hepatitis C. 2002; Pawlotsky, J-M.(2006) Therapy of Hepatitis C: From Empiricism to Eradication.Hepatology 43:S207-S220). Overall, HCV is responsible for 50-76% of allliver cancer cases and two thirds of all liver transplants in thedeveloped world (See e.g. World Health Organization Guide on ViralCancers. 2006). And ultimately, 5-7% of infected patients will die fromthe consequences of HCV infection (See e.g. World Health OrganizationGuide on Hepatitis C. 2002).

The current standard therapy for HCV infection is pegylated interferonalpha (IFN-α) in combination with ribavirin. However, only up to 50% ofpatients with genotype 1 virus can be successfully treated with thisinterferon-based therapy. Moreover, both interferon and ribavirin caninduce significant adverse effects, ranging from flu-like symptoms(fever and fatigue), hematologic complications (leukopenia,thrombocytopenia), neuropsychiatric issues (depression, insomnia,irritability), weight loss, and autoimmune dysfunctions (hypothyroidism,diabetes) from treatment with interferon to significant hemolytic anemiafrom treatment with ribavirin. Therefore, more effective and bettertolerated drugs are still greatly needed.

HCV, first identified in 1989 (See e.g. Choo, Q. L. et al. Science(1989) 244:359-362), is a single-stranded RNA virus with a 9.6-kilobasegenome of positive polarity. It encodes a single polyprotein that iscleaved upon translation by cellular and viral proteases into at leastten individual proteins: C, E1, E2, p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, andNS5B (See e.g. Lindenbach, B. D. et al. (2001). Flaviviridae: theviruses and their replication, p. 991-1041. In D. M. Knipe, P. M.Howley, and D. E. Griffin (ed.), Fields virology, 4th ed, vol. 1.Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.).

NS3, an approximately 70 kDa protein, has two distinct domains: aN-terminal serine protease domain of 180 amino acids (AA) and aC-terminal helicase/NTPase domain (AA 181 to 631). The NS3 protease isconsidered a member of the chymotrypsin family because of similaritiesin protein sequence, overall three-dimensional structure and mechanismof catalysis. The HCV NS3 serine protease is responsible for proteolyticcleavage of the polyprotein at the NS3/NS4A, NS4A/NS4B, NS4B/NS5A andNS5A/NS5B junctions (See e.g. Bartenschlager, R., L. et al. (1993) J.Virol. 67:3835-3844; Grakoui, A. et al. (1993) J. Virol. 67:2832-2843;Tomei, L. et al. (1993) J. Virol. 67:4017-4026). NS4A, an approximately6 kDa protein of 54 AA, is a co-factor for the serine protease activityof NS3 (See e.g. Failla, C. et al. (1994) J. Virol. 68:3753-3760; Tanji,Y. et al. (1995) J. Virol. 69:1575-1581). Autocleavage of the NS3/NS4Ajunction by the NS3/NS4A serine protease occurs intramolecularly (i.e.,cis) while the other cleavage sites are processed intermolecularly(i.e., trans). It has been demonstrated that HCV NS3 protease isessential for viral replication and thus represents an attractive targetfor antiviral chemotherapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There remains a need for new treatments and therapies for HCV infection,as well as HCV-associated disorders. There is also a need for compoundsuseful in the treatment or prevention or amelioration of one or moresymptoms of HCV, as well as a need for methods of treatment orprevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms of HCV. Furthermore,there is a need for methods for modulating the activity of HCV-serineproteases, particularly the HCV NS3/NS4a serine protease, using thecompounds provided herein.

In one aspect, the invention provides compounds of Formula I:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof.

Compounds of Formula I possess excellent solubility in acidic orphysiologic pH aqueous solutions (e.g., aqueous solutions having a pH ofbetween about 1 and about 7.5). Certain compounds of Formula I discussedinfra are soluble in acidic aqueous solutions (pH about 1) atconcentrations in excess of about 100 micromolar or in excess of about500 micromolar. Certain other compounds of Formula I discussed infra aresoluble are in physiologic pH (e.g., pH of about 6.8) at concentrationsin excess of about 10 micromolar, in excess of about 50 micromolar, inexcess of about 100 micromolar or in excess of about 250 micromolar.

Certain compounds of Formula I provide superior pharmacokinetic profilescompared to prior compounds. In particular, certain compounds of FormulaI offer oral bioavailability, as measured by the procedure of Example15, in excess of about 20%, in excess of about 25%, in excess of about30%, or in excess of about 40%.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating anHCV-associated disorder comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound of theinvention, such that the HCV-associated disorder is treated.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating anHIV infection comprising administering to a subject in need thereof apharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound of the invention.

In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method oftreating, inhibiting or preventing the activity of HCV in a subject inneed thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceuticallyacceptable amount of a compound of the invention. In one embodiment, thecompounds of the invention inhibit the activity of the NS2 protease, theNS3 protease, the NS3 helicase, the NS5a protein, and/or the NS5bpolymerase. In another embodiment, the interaction between the NS3protease and NS4A cofactor is disrupted. In yet another embodiment, thecompounds of the invention prevent or alter the severing of one or moreof the NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A and NS5A-NS5B junctions of the HCV. Inanother embodiment, the invention provides a method of inhibiting theactivity of a serine protease, comprising the step of contacting saidserine protease with a compound of the invention. In another embodiment,the invention provides a method of treating, inhibiting or preventingthe activity of HCV in a subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the subject a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of acompound of the invention, wherein the compound interacts with anytarget in the HCV life cycle. In one embodiment, the target of the HCVlife cycle is selected from the group consisting of NS2 protease, NS3protease, NS3 helicase, NS5a protein and NS5b polymerase.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of decreasing theHCV RNA load in a subject in need thereof comprising administering tothe subject a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound of theinvention.

In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention exhibit HCVprotease activity. In one embodiment, the compounds are an HCV NS3-4Aprotease inhibitor.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating anHCV-associated disorder in a subject, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of acompound of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,such that the HCV-associated disorder is treated.

In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treatingan HCV-associated disorder comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention, in combination with a pharmaceutically effective amount of anadditional HCV-modulating compound, such as interferon or derivatizedinterferon, or a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, such that theHCV-associated disorder is treated. In one embodiment, the additionalHCV-modulating compound is selected from the group consisting ofITMN191, MK-7009, TMC 435350, Sch 503034 and VX-950.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of inhibitinghepatitis C virus replication in a cell, comprising contacting said cellwith a compound of the invention.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a packagedHCV-associated disorder treatment, comprising an HCV-modulating compoundof the invention, packaged with instructions for using an effectiveamount of the HCV-modulating compound to treat an HCV-associateddisorder.

In certain embodiments, the HCV-associated disorder is selected from thegroup consisting of HCV infection, liver cirrhosis, chronic liverdisease, hepatocellular carcinoma, cryoglobulinaemia, non-Hodgkin'slymphoma, and a suppressed innate intracellular immune response.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating HCVinfection, liver cirrhosis, chronic liver disease, hepatocellularcarcinoma, cryoglobulinaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and/or asuppressed innate intracellular immune response in subject in needthereof comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceuticallyacceptable amount of a compound of the invention.

In one embodiment, the HCV to be treated is selected of any HCVgenotype. In another embodiment, the HCV is selected from HCV genotype1, 2 and/or 3.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides methods of preparing acompound of Formula II:

x is zero, one or two;

Z¹ and Z³ are each independently selected CR⁸R⁹;

Z² is absent or is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CR⁸R⁹, orNR¹⁰;

R⁶, R⁷, R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl; or

R⁶ and R⁷ taken in combination form a three to six membered saturatedthree to seven membered carbocycle, which is optionally substituted byzero to three substituents;

R⁸, R⁹, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, haloC₁₋₆alkyl,haloC₁₋₆alkoxy, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl;

R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl,hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, aryl and aralkyl;

R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

R¹⁶ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and

R₁₇ is cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆alkylsulfonate, haloC₁₋₆alkylsulfonate,arylsulfonate, or halogen.

In certain other embodiments, the invention provides methods ofpreparing amino-alcohol compounds of Formula V by deprotection ofcompounds of Formula II prepared supra, wherein a compound of Formula Vhas the structure:

Other aspects of the invention are discussed infra.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-33 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 2 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-4 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 3 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-5 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 4 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-6 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 5 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-10 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 6 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-11 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 7 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-14 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 8 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-15 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 9 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-44 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 10 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-54 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 11 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-57 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 12 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-58 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 13 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-59 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 14 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-72 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 15 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-82 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 16 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-64 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 17 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-65 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 18 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-42 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 19 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-43 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 20 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-45 in acetone-d6.

FIG. 21 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-50 in DMSO-d6.

FIG. 22 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-62 in DMSO-d6.

FIG. 23 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-66 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 24 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-67 in CDCl₃.

FIG. 25 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-73 in DMSO-d6.

FIG. 26 is a proton NMR spectra of compound A-7 in CDCl₃.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention is directed to compounds, e.g., peptide compounds, andintermediates thereto, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containingthe compounds for use in treatment of HCV infection. This invention isalso directed to the compounds of the invention or compositions thereofas protease inhibitors, particularly as serine protease inhibitors, andmore particularly as HCV NS3 protease inhibitors. The compounds areparticularly useful in interfering with the life cycle of the hepatitisC virus and in treating or preventing an HCV infection or physiologicalconditions associated therewith. The present invention is also directedto methods of combination therapy for inhibiting HCV replication incells, or for treating or preventing an HCV infection in patients usingthe compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions, or kitsthereof.

The compounds of the present invention possess increased potency,increased solubility and/or improved pharmokinetic properties comparedto the corresponding properties of known NS3 protease inhibitorspreviously described in the art. Certain compounds of the inventioncombine exquisite potency (e.g., IC₅₀<10 nM in the assay of Example 12or 13), high aqueous solubility (e.g., solubilities in excess of 0.5 mMin water at pH=1 and in excess of 50 micromolar in water at pH=6.8) orincreased bioavailability (e.g., as measured by the assay of Example15).

Certain compounds of the instant invention include those compounds ofFormula I:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

X is absent or selected from NR^(5a) or oxygen;

i and k are independently selected integers selected from the groupconsisting of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4;

j is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3 and 4,wherein the sum of i+j+k is less than or equal to 5 and greater than orequal to 2 when X is absent and the sum of i+j+k is less than or equalto 4 and greater than or equal to 1 when X is oxygen;

p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

E is OH, NH₂, N(H)C₁₋₄alkyl, N(H)C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(O)NH— or—N(H)S(O)₂—;

R¹ is absent, hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl or C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;

R² is C₁₋₄alkyl, haloC₁₋₄alkyl, or C₃₋₆cycloalkylC₀₋₂alkyl;

R^(2a) is hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, haloC₁₋₄alkyl, orC₃₋₆cycloalkylC₀₋₂alkyl; or

R² and R^(2a), taken in combination form a three to seven memberedsaturated ring comprising zero or one nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur ringatoms, which ring is substituted with zero, one or two substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl and C₂₋₄alkenyl;

R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₆alkyl, C₄₋₇cycloalkyl and C₄₋₇cycloalkyl substituted with aC₁₋₄alkyl residue;

R⁵ represents zero to three residues each independently selected at eachoccurrence from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, amino,C₁₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, mono-and di-C₁₋₄alkylamino,hydroxyC₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄alkoxyC₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(5a) is independently selected at each occurrence from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, haloC₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,hydroxyC₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxyC₁₋₄alkyl; and

R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl.

Certain other compounds of the invention include compounds of theFormula Ia:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and stereoisomers thereof;

wherein

i is an integer selected from the group consisting of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4;

j is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3 and 4,wherein the sum of i+j is less than or equal to 5 and greater than orequal to 2;

p is 0, 1, 2 or 3;

E is OH, NH₂, N(H)C₁₋₄alkyl, N(H)C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(O)NH— or—N(H)S(O)₂—;

R¹ is absent, hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl or C₃₋₆cycloalkyl;

R² is C₁₋₄alkyl, haloC₁₋₄alkyl, or C₃₋₆cycloalkylC₀₋₂alkyl;

R^(2a) is hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, haloC₁₋₄alkyl, orC₃₋₆cycloalkylC₀₋₂alkyl; or

R² and R^(2a), taken in combination form a three to seven memberedsaturated ring comprising zero or one nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur ringatoms, which ring is substituted with zero, one or two substituentsindependently selected from C₁₋₄alkyl and C₂₋₄alkenyl;

R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₆alkyl, C₄₋₇cycloalkyl and C₄₋₇cycloalkyl substituted with aC₁₋₄alkyl residue;

R⁵ represents zero to three residues each independently selected at eachoccurrence from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, amino,C₁₋₄alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, mono-and di-C₁₋₄alkylamino,hydroxyC₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄alkoxyC₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(5a) is independently selected at each occurrence from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄alkyl, haloC₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,hydroxyC₁₋₄ alkyl, and C₁₋₄ alkoxyC₁₋₄alkyl; and

R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄alkyl.

Certain preferred compounds of Formula I, wherein

X is carbon;

i is 0 or 1;

j+k is 2, 3, or 4;

p is 1;

E is C(O)NH or N(H)SO₂;

R¹ is cyclopropyl or C₂₋₄alkyl;

R² is propyl or cyclobutylmethyl;

R^(2a) is hydrogen; or

R² and R^(2a) form a cyclopropyl ring substituted by zero or one ethylor vinyl residues;

R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from tert-butyl, cyclohexyl, and1-methylcyclohexyl;

R⁵ represents zero or one C₁₋₄alkyl residues;

R^(5a) is C₁₋₄alkyl;

R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl.

Certain preferred compounds of Formula I, wherein

X is carbon;

i is 0 or 1;

j+k is 2, 3, or 4;

p is 1;

E is C(O)NH;

R¹ is cyclopropyl, ethyl, iso-propyl, or tert-butyl;

R² is propyl;

R^(2a) is hydrogen;

R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from tert-butyl and cyclohexyl;

R⁵ is absent;

R^(5a) is ethyl, iso-propyl, or tert-butyl; and

R⁶ and R⁷ are methyl.

In certain other compounds of Formula I, R^(2a) is selected fromhydrogen, deuterium, tritium or a combination thereof. In certaincompounds of Formula I, R^(2a) is enriched in deuterium, e.g., at leastabout 50% of the hydrogen atoms at R^(2a) are deuterium (²H), or atleast about 95% of the hydrogen atoms are deuterium.

In certain other aspects, the invention provides compounds of Table Aand Table B infra.

In yet other aspects of the invention, methods of making compounds ofFormula II

the method comprising the steps of

(a) providing a compound of Formula III:

(b) providing a compound of Formula IV:

(c) contacting the compound of Formula III with the compound of FormulaIV and a base in a solvent under conditions conducive to formation of acompound of Formula II:

wherein

x is zero, one or two;

Z¹ and Z³ are each independently selected CR⁸R⁹;

Z² is absent or is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CR⁸R⁹, orNR¹⁰;

R⁶, R⁷, R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl; or

R⁶ and R⁷ taken in combination form a three to six membered saturatedthree to seven membered carbocycle, which is optionally substituted byzero to three substituents;

R⁸, R⁹, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, haloC₁₋₆alkyl,haloC₁₋₆alkoxy, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl;

R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl,hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, aryl and aralkyl;

R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

R¹⁶ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and

R₁₇ is cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆alkylsulfonate, haloC₁₋₆alkylsulfonate,arylsulfonate, or halogen.

In still other aspect of the invention, methods are provided for thesynthesis of compounds of Formula V:

the method comprising the steps of

(a) providing a compound of Formula III:

(b) providing a compound of Formula IV:

(c) contacting the compound of Formula III with the compound of FormulaIV and a base in a solvent under conditions conducive to formation of acompound of Formula II:

(d) contacting the compound of Formula II with an inorganic ororganometallic compound or salt comprising at least one metal hydrogenbond in a solvent under conditions conducive to formation of a compoundof Formula VI:

(e) contacting the compound of Formula VI with dihydrogen and ahydrogenation catalyst in a solvent under conditions conducive toformation of a compound of Formula V:

wherein

x is zero, one or two;

Z¹ and Z³ are each independently selected CR⁸R⁹;

Z² is absent or is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CR⁸R⁹, orNR¹⁰;

R⁶, R⁷, R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl; or

R⁶ and R⁷ taken in combination form a three to six membered saturatedthree to seven membered carbocycle, which is optionally substituted byzero to three substituents;

R⁸, R⁹, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, haloC₁₋₆alkyl,haloC₁₋₆alkoxy, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl; or

R¹¹ and R¹² taken in combination form a three to six membered saturatedthree to seven membered carbocycle, which is optionally substituted byzero to three substituents;

R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl,hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, aryl and aralkyl;

R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;

R¹⁶ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and

R¹⁷ is cyano, nitro, C₁₋₆alkylsulfonate, haloC₁₋₆alkylsulfonate,arylsulfonate, or halogen.

In certain preferred methods of synthesis of compounds of Formula II orFormula V, R¹⁷ is an electron withdrawing group such as nitro or cyano.In certain embodiments, R¹⁷ is nitro.

In certain preferred methods of synthesis of compounds of Formula II orFormula V, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen andC₁₋₄alkyl; R¹⁷ is nitro.

R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁸ are hydrogen; and

R¹⁶ is phenyl or a five or six membered heteroaryl, each of which issubstituted with zero to three substituents selected from halogen,C₁₋₄alkyl, trifluoromethyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, and trifluoromethoxy.

In certain other methods of synthesis of compounds of Formula II orFormula V, Z¹ and Z³ are each CR⁸R⁹; Z² is CR⁸R⁹ or ); and eachoccurrence of R⁸ and R⁹ is hydrogen.

Although any solvent capable of solvating the reactants and products arecontemplated for use with the synthetic methods of the instantinvention, certain preferred solvents for step (c) in the preparation ofcompounds of Formula II supra, include dialkyl sulfoxides (e.g.,dimethyl sulfoxide), cyclic ethers, dialkylformamides (e.g.,dimethylformamide), dialkyl acetamides (e.g., dimethyl acetamide),acetonitrile, alcohols (e.g., C₁₋₆alcohols) or pyrrolidines (e.g.,N-alkylpyrrolidine) and combinations thereof.

Although any solvent capable of solvating the reactants and products arecontemplated for use with the synthetic methods of the instantinvention, certain preferred solvents for the preparation of compoundsof Formula V supra include:

For step (c) dialkyl sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide), cyclicethers, dialkylformamides (e.g., dimethylformamide), dialkyl acetamides(e.g., dimethyl acetamide), acetonitrile, alcohols (e.g., C₁₋₆alcohols)or pyrrolidines (e.g., N-alkylpyrrolidine) and combinations thereof 23.The method of claim 18, wherein

For step (d): ethers, cyclic ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixturesthereof; and

For step (e): esters, ethers, cyclic ethers, C₁₋₆alcohols (e.g.,methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol), C₁₋₆alkanoic acids (e.g., aceticacid), and mixtures thereof.

In certain preferred methods of preparing a compound of Formula V, theinorganic or organometallic compound or salt is a aluminum or boroncompound or salt comprising at least one aluminum-hydrogen bond or atleast one boron-hydrogen bond. More preferably, the aluminum compound orsalt is selected from aluminum hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodiumaluminum hydride, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)aluminum hydrides, di(C₁₋₄alkoxy)aluminumhydrides, or di(C₁₋₄alkoxyC₁₋₄alkoxy)aluminum hydrides and the boroncompounds are selected from metal borohydrides, metal cyanoborohydrides,borane, and diborane.

In certain preferred methods of preparing a compound of Formula V, thehydrogenation catalyst is selected from rhodium, iridium, nickel,palladium, platinum, and mixtures thereof deposited onto a substrate,wherein the substrate is selected from carbon, alumina, and silica. Incertain embodiments, palladium on carbon, platinum on carbon, rhodium oncarbon, and Adam's catalyst are preferred hydrogenation catalysts.

Preferred embodiments of the compounds of the invention (includingpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well as enantiomers,stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, or racemates thereof)are shown below in Table A and Table B, and are also considered to be“compounds of the invention.”

TABLE A Compound Structure No.

A-1

A-2

A-3

A-4

A-5

A-6

A-7

A-8

A-9

A-10

A-11

A-12

A-13

A-14

A-15

A-16

A-17

A-18

A-19

A-20

A-21

A-22

A-23

A-24

A-25

A-26

A-27

A-28

A-29

A-30

A-31

A-32

A-33

A-34

A-35

A-36

A-37

A-38

A-39

A-40

A-41

A-42

A-43

A-44

A-45

A-46

A-47

A-48

A-49

A-50

A-51

A-52

A-53

A-54

A-55

A-56

A-57

A-58

A-59

A-60

A-61

A-62

A-63

A-64

A-65

A-66

A-67

A-68

A-69

A-70

A-71

A-72

A-73

A-74

A-75

A-76

A-77

A-78

A-79

A-80

A-81

A-82

A-83

A-84

A-85

A-86

A-87

TABLE B Compound Structure No.

B-1

B-2

B-3

B-4

B-5

B-6

B-7

B-8

B-9

B-10

B-11

B-12

B-13

B-14

B-15

B-16

B-17

B-18

B-19

B-20

B-21

B-22

B-23

B-24

B-25

B-26

B-27

B-28

B-29

B-30

B-31

B-32

B-33

B-34

B-35

B-36

B-37

B-38

B-39

B-40

Using the HCV NS3-4A protease and Luciferase-HCV replicon assaysdescribed in the exemplification section below, the compounds of theinvention (including compounds of Table A depicted above) are found toshow IC₅₀ values for HCV inhibition in the range from 0.1 to more than100 nM, or 0.5 to 30 nM, including, for example, the range from 0.5 to10nM or less.

Compounds of Table A are highly soluble in aqueous media. Moreparticularly, compounds of Table A have a solubility of at least about100 micromolar in water at pH of about 1 and a solubility of at least 30micromolar in water at pH of about 6.8 as measured by the solubilityassay recited in the Examples infra.

Compounds of Table A further possess excellent in vivo pharmacokinetics.Generally compounds of Table A provide improved pharmacokinetics, e.g.,improved oral bioavailability as measured by the procedure in Example 15infra. More particularly, certain compounds of Table A provide at leastabout 20% oral bioavailability as measured by the process of Example 15(see, Table C infra). Certain compounds of the invention, e.g., certaincompounds of Formula I, provide an oral bioavailability of at leastabout 25%, about 30%, about 35% or about 40%.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present invention is furthercharacterized as a modulator of HCV, including a mammalian HCV, andespecially including a human HCV. In a preferred embodiment, thecompound of the invention is an HCV inhibitor.

The terms “HCV-associated state” or “HCV-associated disorder” includedisorders and states (e.g., a disease state) that are associated withthe activity of HCV, e.g., infection of HCV in a subject. HCV-associatedstates include HCV-infection, liver cirrhosis, chronic liver disease,hepatocellular carcinoma, cryoglobulinaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, anda suppressed innate intracellular immune response.

HCV-associated states are often associated with the NS3 serine proteaseof HCV, which is responsible for several steps in the processing of theHCV polyprotein into smaller functional proteins. NS3 protease forms aheterodimeric complex with the NS4A protein, an essential cofactor thatenhances enzymatic activity, and is believed to help anchor HCV to theendoplasmic reticulum. NS3 first autocatalyzes hydrolysis of theNS3-NS4A juncture, and then cleaves the HCV polyprotein intermolecularlyat the NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A and NS5A-NS5B intersections. This process isassociated with replication of HCV in a subject. Inhibiting ormodulating the activity of one or more of the NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A andNS5B proteins will inhibit or modulate replication of HCV in a subject,thereby preventing or treating the HCV-associated state. In a particularembodiment, the HCV-associated state is associated with the activity ofthe NS3 protease. In another particular embodiment, the HCV-associatedstate is associated with the activity of NS3-NS4A heterodimeric complex.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are NS3/NS4A proteaseinhibitors. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention areNS2/NS3 protease inhibitors.

Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the disruption of theabove protein-protein interactions by the compounds of the inventionwill interfere with viral polyprotein processing by the NS3 protease andthus viral replication.

HCV-associated disorders also include HCV-dependent diseases.HCV-dependent diseases include, e.g., any disease or disorder thatdepend on or related to activity or misregulation of at least one strainof HCV.

The present invention includes treatment of HCV-associated disorders asdescribed above, but the invention is not intended to be limited to themanner by which the compound performs its intended function of treatmentof a disease. The present invention includes treatment of diseasesdescribed herein in any manner that allows treatment to occur, e.g., HCVinfection.

In a related embodiment, the compounds of the invention can be usefulfor treating diseases related to HIV, as well as HIV infection and AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition of any of the compounds of the present invention. In arelated embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositionof any of the compounds of the present invention and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or excipient of any of these compounds. In certainembodiments, the invention includes the compounds as novel chemicalentities.

In one embodiment, the invention includes a packaged HCV-associateddisorder treatment. The packaged treatment includes a compound of theinvention packaged with instructions for using an effective amount ofthe compound of the invention for an intended use.

The compounds of the present invention are suitable as active agents inpharmaceutical compositions that are efficacious particularly fortreating HCV-associated disorders. The pharmaceutical composition invarious embodiments has a pharmaceutically effective amount of thepresent active agent along with other pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients, carriers, fillers, diluents and the like. The phrase,“pharmaceutically effective amount” as used herein indicates an amountnecessary to administer to a host, or to a cell, issue, or organ of ahost, to achieve a therapeutic result, especially an anti-HCV effect, eg., inhibition of proliferation of the HCV virus, or of any otherHCV-associated disease.

In one embodiment, the diseases to be treated by compounds of theinvention include, for example, HCV infection, liver cirrhosis, chronicliver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, cryoglobulinaemia,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and a suppressed innate intracellular immuneresponse.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method forinhibiting the activity of HCV. The method includes contacting a cellwith any of the compounds of the present invention. In a relatedembodiment, the method further provides that the compound is present inan amount effective to selectively inhibit the activity of one or moreof the NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B proteins. In another relatedembodiment, the method provides that the compound is present in anamount effective to diminish the HCV RNA load in a subject.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a use of any of thecompounds of the invention for manufacture of a medicament to treat HCVinfection in a subject.

In other embodiments, the invention provides a method of manufacture ofa medicament, including formulating any of the compounds of the presentinvention for treatment of a subject.

Definitions

The term “treat,” “treated,” “treating” or “treatment” includes thediminishment or alleviation of at least one symptom associated or causedby the state, disorder or disease being treated. In certain embodiments,the treatment comprises the induction of an HCV-inhibited state,followed by the activation of the HCV-modulating compound, which wouldin turn diminish or alleviate at least one symptom associated or causedby the HCV-associated state, disorder or disease being treated. Forexample, treatment can be diminishment of one or several symptoms of adisorder or complete eradication of a disorder.

The term “subject” is intended to include organisms, e.g., prokaryotesand eukaryotes, which are capable of suffering from or afflicted with anHCV-associated disorder. Examples of subjects include mammals, e.g.,humans, dogs, cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cats, mice, rabbits,rats, and transgenic non-human animals. In certain embodiments, thesubject is a human, e.g., a human suffering from, at risk of sufferingfrom, or potentially capable of suffering from an HCV-associateddisorder, and for diseases or conditions described herein, e.g., HCVinfection. In another embodiment, the subject is a cell.

The language “HCV-modulating compound,” “modulator of HCV” or “HCVinhibitor” refers to compounds that modulate, e g., inhibit, orotherwise alter, the activity of HCV. Similarly, an “NS3/NS4A proteaseinhibitor,” or an “NS2/NS3 protease inhibitor” refers to a compound thatmodulates, e g., inhibits, or otherwise alters, the interaction of theseproteases with one another. Examples of HCV-modulating compounds includecompounds of Formula I or Formula III, as well as Table A and Table B(including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well asenantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, orracemates thereof).

Additionally, the method includes administering to a subject aneffective amount of an HCV-modulating compound of the invention, e.g.,HCV-modulating compounds of Formula I or Formula III, as well as Table Aand Table B (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, aswell as enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers,or racemates thereof).

The term “alkyl” includes saturated aliphatic groups, includingstraight-chain alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl,hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc.), branched-chain alkyl groups(isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, etc.), cycloalkyl (alicyclic) groups(cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl), alkylsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups.Furthermore, the expression “C_(x)-C_(y)-alkyl”, wherein x is 1-5 and yis 2-10 indicates a particular alkyl group (straight- or branched-chain)of a particular range of carbons. For example, the expressionC₁-C₄-alkyl includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl,butyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl and sec-butyl. Moreover, the termC₃₋₆-cycloalkyl includes, but is not limited to, cyclopropyl,cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. As discussed below, these alkyl groups, aswell as cycloalkyl groups, may be further substituted. “C₀-C_(n)alkyl”refers to a single covalent bond (C₀) or an alkyl group having from 1 ton carbon atoms; for example “C₀-C₄alkyl” refers to a single covalentbond or a C₁-C₄alkyl group; “C₀-C₈alkyl” refers to a single covalentbond or a C₁-C₈alkyl group. In some instances, a substituent of an alkylgroup is specifically indicated. For example, “C₁-C₄hydroxyalkyl” refersto a C₁-C₄alkyl group that has at least one hydroxy substituent.

“Alkylene” refers to a divalent alkyl group, as defined above.C₀-C₄alkylene is a single covalent bond or an alkylene group having from1 to 4 carbon atoms; and C₀-C₆alkylene is a single covalent bond or analkylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

A “cycloalkyl” is a group that comprises one or more saturated and/orpartially saturated rings in which all ring members are carbon, such ascyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, adamantyl, decahydro-naphthalenyl, octahydro-indenyl, andpartially saturated variants of the foregoing, such as cyclohexenyl.Cycloalkyl groups do not comprise an aromatic ring or a heterocyclicring. Certain cycloalkyl groups are C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, in which the groupcontains a single ring with from 3 to 8 ring members. A“(C₃-C₈cycloalkyl)C₀-C₄alkyl” is a C₃-C₈cycloalkyl group linked via asingle covalent bond or a C₁-C₄alkylene group.

Moreover, alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,etc.) include both “unsubstituted alkyl” and “substituted alkyl”, thelatter of which refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing ahydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone, which allowthe molecule to perform its intended function.

The term “substituted” is intended to describe moieties havingsubstituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more atoms, e.g. C, O or N,of a molecule. Such substituents can include, for example, alkenyl,alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate,phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino,arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (includingalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino,imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates,alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, morpholino,phenol, benzyl, phenyl, piperazine, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, pyridine,5H-tetrazole, triazole, piperidine, or an aromatic or heteroaromaticmoiety.

Further examples of substituents of the invention, which are notintended to be limiting, include moieties selected from straight orbranched alkyl (preferably C₁-C₅), cycloalkyl (preferably C₃-C₈), alkoxy(preferably C₁-C₆), thioalkyl (preferably C₁-C₆), alkenyl (preferablyC₂-C₆), alkynyl (preferably C₂-C₆), heterocyclic, carbocyclic, aryl(e.g., phenyl), aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy), aralkyl (e.g., benzyl),aryloxyalkyl (e.g., phenyloxyalkyl), arylacetamidoyl, alkylaryl,heteroaralkyl, alkylcarbonyl and arylcarbonyl or other such acyl group,heteroarylcarbonyl, or heteroaryl group, (CR′R″)₀₋₃NR′R″ (e.g., —NH₂),(CR′R″)₀₋₃CN (e.g., —CN), —NO₂, halogen (e.g., —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I),(CR′R″)₀₋₃C(halogen)₃ (e.g., —CF₃), (CR′R″)₀₋₃CH(halogen)₂,(CR′R″)₀₋₃CH₂(halogen), (CR′R″)₀₋₃CONR′R″, (CR′R″)₀₋₃(CNH)NR′R″,(CR′R″)₀₋₃S(O)₁₋₂NR′R″, (CR′R″)₀₋₃CHO, (CR′R″)₀₋₃O(CR′R″)₀₋₃H,(CR′R″)₀₋₃S(O)₀₋₃R′(e.g., —SO₃H, —OSO₃H), (CR′R″)₀₋₃O(CR′R″)₀₋₃H (e.g.,—CH₂OCH₃ and —OCH₃), (CR′R″)₀₋₃S(CR′R″)₀₋₃H (e.g., —SH and —SCH₃),(CR′R″)₀₋₃OH (e.g., —OH), (CR′R″)₀₋₃COR′, (CR′R″)₀₋₃(substituted orunsubstituted phenyl), (CR′R″)₀₋₃(C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl), (CR′R″)₀₋₃CO₂R′(e.g., —CO₂H), or (CR′R″)₀₋₃OR′ group, or the side chain of anynaturally occurring amino acid; wherein R′ and R″ are each independentlyhydrogen, a C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₂-C₅ alkenyl, C₂-C₅ alkynyl, or aryl group.Such substituents can include, for example, halogen, hydroxyl,alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato,phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino,arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (includingalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino,imino, oxime, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,sulfates, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl,cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Incertain embodiments, a carbonyl moiety (C═O) may be further derivatizedwith an oxime moiety, e.g., an aldehyde moiety may be derivatized as itsoxime (—C═N—OH) analog. It will be understood by those skilled in theart that the moieties substituted on the hydrocarbon chain canthemselves be substituted, if appropriate. Cycloalkyls can be furthersubstituted, e.g., with the substituents described above. An “aralkyl”moiety is an alkyl substituted with an aryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (i.e.,benzyl)).

The term “alkenyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous inlength and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, butwhich contain at least one double bond.

For example, the term “alkenyl” includes straight-chain alkenyl groups(e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl,nonenyl, decenyl, etc.), branched-chain alkenyl groups, cycloalkenyl(alicyclic) groups (cyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl), alkyl or alkenyl substituted cycloalkenylgroups, and cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl substituted alkenyl groups. Theterm alkenyl further includes alkenyl groups that include oxygen,nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons ofthe hydrocarbon backbone. In certain embodiments, a straight chain orbranched chain alkenyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone(e.g., C₂-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). Likewise,cycloalkenyl groups may have from 3-8 carbon atoms in their ringstructure, and more preferably have 5 or 6 carbons in the ringstructure. The term C₂-C₆ includes alkenyl groups containing 2 to 6carbon atoms.

Moreover, the term alkenyl includes both “unsubstituted alkenyls” and“substituted alkenyls”, the latter of which refers to alkenyl moietieshaving substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of thehydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkylgroups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl,phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term “alkynyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous inlength and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, butwhich contain at least one triple bond.

For example, the term “alkynyl” includes straight-chain alkynyl groups(e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl,nonynyl, decynyl, etc.), branched-chain alkynyl groups, and cycloalkylor cycloalkenyl substituted alkynyl groups. The term alkynyl furtherincludes alkynyl groups that include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur orphosphorous atoms replacing one or more carbons of the hydrocarbonbackbone. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chainalkynyl group has 6 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). The term C₂-C₆ includesalkynyl groups containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Moreover, the term alkynyl includes both “unsubstituted alkynyls” and“substituted alkynyls”, the latter of which refers to alkynyl moietieshaving substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of thehydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, alkylgroups, alkynyl groups, halogens, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl,phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term “amine” or “amino” should be understood as being broadlyapplied to both a molecule, or a moiety or functional group, asgenerally understood in the art, and may be primary, secondary, ortertiary. The term “amine” or “amino” includes compounds where anitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon, hydrogen orheteroatom. The terms include, for example, but are not limited to,“alkylamino,” “arylamino,” “diarylamino,” “alkylarylamino,”“alkylaminoaryl,” “arylaminoalkyl,” “alkaminoalkyl,” “amide,” “amido,”and “aminocarbonyl.” The term “alkyl amino” comprises groups andcompounds wherein the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkylgroup. The term “dialkyl amino” includes groups wherein the nitrogenatom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups. The term“arylamino” and “diarylamino” include groups wherein the nitrogen isbound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively. The term“alkylarylamino,” “alkylaminoaryl” or “arylaminoalkyl” refers to anamino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least onearyl group. The term “alkaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, oralkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkylgroup.

The term “amide,” “amido” or “aminocarbonyl” includes compounds ormoieties which contain a nitrogen atom which is bound to the carbon of acarbonyl or a thiocarbonyl group. The term includes “alkaminocarbonyl”or “alkylaminocarbonyl” groups which include alkyl, alkenyl, aryl oralkynyl groups bound to an amino group bound to a carbonyl group. Itincludes arylaminocarbonyl and arylcarbonylamino groups which includearyl or heteroaryl moieties bound to an amino group which is bound tothe carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. The terms“alkylaminocarbonyl,” “alkenylaminocarbonyl,” “alkynylaminocarbonyl,”“arylaminocarbonyl,” “alkylcarbonylamino,” “alkenylcarbonylamino,”“alkynylcarbonylamino,” and “arylcarbonylamino” are included in term“amide.” Amides also include urea groups (aminocarbonylamino) andcarbamates (oxycarbonylamino).

The term “aryl” includes aromatic groups, including 5- and 6-memberedsingle-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to fourheteroatoms, for example, phenyl, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole,isothiaozole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, oxazole,isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like.Furthermore, the term “aryl” includes multicyclic aryl groups, e.g.,tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g., naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole,benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl,quinoline, isoquinoline, anthryl, phenanthryl, napthridine, indole,benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, or indolizine. Those arylgroups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also be referred toas “aryl heterocycles”, “heterocycles,” “heteroaryls” or“heteroaromatics.” The aromatic ring can be substituted at one or morering positions with such substituents as described above, as forexample, alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl,alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl,alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl,phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Aryl groups can alsobe fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclic rings which are notaromatic so as to form a polycycle (e.g., tetralin).

Certain aryl groups recited herein are C₆-C₁₀arylC₀-C₈alkyl groups(i.e., groups in which a 6- to 10-membered carbocyclic group comprisingat least one aromatic ring is linked via a single covalent bond or aC₁-C₈alkylene group). Such groups include, for example, phenyl andindanyl, as well as groups in which either of the foregoing is linkedvia C₁-C₈alkylene, preferably via C₁-C₄alkylene. Phenyl groups linkedvia a single covalent bond or C₁-C₆alkylene group are designatedphenylC₀-C₆alkyl (e.g., benzyl, 1-phenyl-ethyl, 1-phenyl-propyl and2-phenyl-ethyl).

The term heteroaryl, as used herein, represents a stable monocyclic orbicyclic ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ringis aromatic and contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the groupconsisting of O, N and S. Heteroaryl groups within the scope of thisdefinition include but are not limited to: acridinyl, carbazolyl,cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrrazolyl, indolyl, benzotriazolyl, furanyl,thienyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydroquinoline. As with the definition ofheterocycle below, “heteroaryl” is also understood to include theN-oxide derivative of any nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In cases wherethe heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic orcontains no heteroatoms, it is understood that attachment is via thearomatic ring or via the heteroatom containing ring, respectively.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” as used herein is intended tomean a 5- to 10-membered aromatic or nonaromatic heterocycle containingfrom 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N andS, and includes bicyclic groups. “Heterocyclyl” therefore includes theabove mentioned heteroaryls, as well as dihydro and tetrathydro analogsthereof. Further examples of “heterocyclyl” include, but are not limitedto the following: benzoimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl,benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl,carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl,indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl,isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl,oxazolyl, oxazoline, isoxazoline, oxetanyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl,pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl,pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl,tetrahydropyranyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolopyridyl, thiadiazolyl,thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl,hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyridin-2-onyl,pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, dihydrobenzoimidazolyl,dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothiophenyl, dihydrobenzoxazolyl,dihydrofuranyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisooxazolyl,dihydroisothiazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl,dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyridinyl,dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dihydroquinolinyl,dihydrotetrazolyl, dihydrothiadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl,dihydrothienyl, dihydrotriazolyl, dihydroazetidinyl,methylenedioxybenzoyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and tetrahydrothienyl, andN-oxides thereof. Attachment of a heterocyclyl substituent can occur viaa carbon atom or via a heteroatom.

A “heterocycleC₀-C₈alkyl” is a heterocyclic group linked via a singlecovalent bond or C₁-C₈alkylene group. A (4- to 7-memberedheterocycle)C₀-C₈alkyl is a heterocyclic group (e.g., monocyclic orbicyclic) having from 4 to 7 ring members linked via a single covalentbond or an alkylene group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. A“(6-membered heteroaryl)C₀-C₆alkyl” refers to a heteroaryl group linkedvia a direct bond or C₁-C₆alkyl group.

The term “acyl” includes compounds and moieties which contain the acylradical (CH₃CO—) or a carbonyl group. The term “substituted acyl”includes acyl groups where one or more of the hydrogen atoms arereplaced by for example, alkyl groups, alkynyl groups, halogens,hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano,amino (including alkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, andalkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl,alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido,heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term “acylamino” includes moieties wherein an acyl moiety is bondedto an amino group. For example, the term includes alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido groups.

The term “alkoxy” includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl,and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom. Examples ofalkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy,and pentoxy groups and may include cyclic groups such as cyclopentoxy.Examples of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups.The alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such as alkenyl,alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate,phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkyl amino,dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino(including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido),amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moieties. Examples of halogen substituted alkoxygroups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, etc.

The term “carbonyl” or “carboxy” includes compounds and moieties whichcontain a carbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom, andtautomeric forms thereof. Examples of moieties that contain a carbonylinclude aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters,anhydrides, etc. The term “carboxy moiety” or “carbonyl moiety” refersto groups such as “alkylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkyl group iscovalently bound to a carbonyl group, “alkenylcarbonyl” groups whereinan alkenyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group,“alkynylcarbonyl” groups wherein an alkynyl group is covalently bound toa carbonyl group, “arylcarbonyl” groups wherein an aryl group iscovalently attached to the carbonyl group. Furthermore, the term alsorefers to groups wherein one or more heteroatoms are covalently bondedto the carbonyl moiety. For example, the term includes moieties such as,for example, aminocarbonyl moieties, (wherein a nitrogen atom is boundto the carbon of the carbonyl group, e.g., an amide), aminocarbonyloxymoieties, wherein an oxygen and a nitrogen atom are both bond to thecarbon of the carbonyl group (e.g., also referred to as a “carbamate”).Furthermore, aminocarbonylamino groups (e.g., ureas) are also include aswell as other combinations of carbonyl groups bound to heteroatoms(e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc. as well as carbon atoms).Furthermore, the heteroatom can be further substituted with one or morealkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyl, etc. moieties.

The term “thiocarbonyl” or “thiocarboxy” includes compounds and moietieswhich contain a carbon connected with a double bond to a sulfur atom.The term “thiocarbonyl moiety” includes moieties that are analogous tocarbonyl moieties. For example, “thiocarbonyl” moieties includeaminothiocarbonyl, wherein an amino group is bound to the carbon atom ofthe thiocarbonyl group, furthermore other thiocarbonyl moieties include,oxythiocarbonyls (oxygen bound to the carbon atom),aminothiocarbonylamino groups, etc.

The term “ether” includes compounds or moieties that contain an oxygenbonded to two different carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, theterm includes “alkoxyalkyl” which refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, oralkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom that is covalentlybonded to another alkyl group.

The term “ester” includes compounds and moieties that contain a carbonor a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom that is bonded to the carbon ofa carbonyl group. The term “ester” includes alkoxycarboxy groups such asmethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl,pentoxycarbonyl, etc. The alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups are asdefined above.

The term “thioether” includes compounds and moieties which contain asulfur atom bonded to two different carbon or hetero atoms. Examples ofthioethers include, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls,alkthioalkenyls, and alkthioalkynyls. The term “alkthioalkyls” includecompounds with an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfuratom that is bonded to an alkyl group. Similarly, the term“alkthioalkenyls” and alkthioalkynyls” refer to compounds or moietieswherein an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atomwhich is covalently bonded to an alkynyl group.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” includes groups with an —OH or —O⁻.

The term “halogen” includes fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine, etc.The term “perhalogenated” generally refers to a moiety wherein allhydrogens are replaced by halogen atoms.

The terms “polycyclyl” or “polycyclic radical” include moieties with twoor more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, arylsand/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to twoadjoining rings, e.g., the rings are “fused rings”. Rings that arejoined through non-adjacent atoms are termed “bridged” rings. Each ofthe rings of the polycycle can be substituted with such substituents asdescribed above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminoacarbonyl,aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl,alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (includingalkyl amino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

The term “heteroatom” includes atoms of any element other than carbon orhydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur andphosphorus.

Additionally, the phrase “any combination thereof” implies that anynumber of the listed functional groups and molecules may be combined tocreate a larger molecular architecture. For example, the terms “phenyl,”“carbonyl” (or “═O”), “—O—,” “—OH,” and C₁₋₆ (i.e., —CH₃ and—CH₂CH₂CH₂—) can be combined to form a 3-methoxy-4-propoxybenzoic acidsubstituent. It is to be understood that when combining functionalgroups and molecules to create a larger molecular architecture,hydrogens can be removed or added, as required to satisfy the valence ofeach atom.

It is to be understood that all of the compounds of the inventiondescribed above will further include bonds between adjacent atoms and/orhydrogens as required to satisfy the valence of each atom. That is,bonds and/or hydrogen atoms are added to provide the following number oftotal bonds to each of the following types of atoms: carbon: four bonds;nitrogen: three bonds; oxygen: two bonds; and sulfur: two bonds.

Groups that are “optionally substituted” are unsubstituted or aresubstituted by other than hydrogen at one or more available positions,typically 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 positions, by one or more suitable groups(which may be the same or different). Optional substitution is alsoindicated by the phrase “substituted with from 0 to X substituents,”where X is the maximum number of possible substituents. Certainoptionally substituted groups are substituted with from 0 to 2, 3 or 4independently selected substituents (i.e., are unsubstituted orsubstituted with up to the recited maximum number of substitutents).

It will be noted that the structures of some of the compounds of thisinvention include asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be understoodaccordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry (e.g., allenantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers, diastereomers, orracemates) are included within the scope of this invention. Such isomerscan be obtained in substantially pure form by classical separationtechniques and by stereochemically controlled synthesis. Furthermore,the structures and other compounds and moieties discussed in thisapplication also include all tautomers thereof. Compounds describedherein may be obtained through art recognized synthesis strategies.

It will also be noted that the substituents of some of the compounds ofthis invention include isomeric cyclic structures. It is to beunderstood accordingly that constitutional isomers of particularsubstituents are included within the scope of this invention, unlessindicated otherwise. For example, the term “tetrazole” includestetrazole, 2H-tetrazole, 3H-tetrazole, 4H-tetrazole and 5H-tetrazole.

Use in HCV-Associated Disorders

The compounds of the present invention have valuable pharmacologicalproperties and are useful in the treatment of diseases. In certainembodiments, compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment ofHCV-associated disorders, e.g., as drugs to treat HCV infection.

The term “use” includes any one or more of the following embodiments ofthe invention, respectively: the use in the treatment of HCV-associateddisorders; the use for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositionsfor use in the treatment of these diseases, e.g., in the manufacture ofa medicament; methods of use of compounds of the invention in thetreatment of these diseases; pharmaceutical preparations havingcompounds of the invention for the treatment of these diseases; andcompounds of the invention for use in the treatment of these diseases;as appropriate and expedient, if not stated otherwise. In particular,diseases to be treated and are thus preferred for use of a compound ofthe present invention are selected from HCV-associated disorders,including those corresponding to HCV-infection, as well as thosediseases that depend on the activity of one or more of the NS3, NS4A,NS4B, NS5A and NS5B proteins, or a NS3-NS4A, NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A orNS5A-NS5B complex. The term “use” further includes embodiments ofcompositions herein which bind to an HCV protein sufficiently to serveas tracers or labels, so that when coupled to a fluor or tag, or maderadioactive, can be used as a research reagent or as a diagnostic or animaging agent.

In certain embodiments, a compound of the present invention is used fortreating HCV-associated diseases, and use of the compound of the presentinvention as an inhibitor of any one or more HCVs. It is envisioned thata use can be a treatment of inhibiting one or more strains of HCV.

Assays

The inhibition of HCV activity may be measured as using a number ofassays available in the art. An example of such an assay can be found inAnal Biochem. 1996 240(1): 60-7; which is incorporated by reference inits entirety. Assays for measurement of HCV activity are also describedin the experimental section below.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The language “effective amount” of the compound is that amount necessaryor sufficient to treat or prevent an HCV-associated disorder, e.g.prevent the various morphological and somatic symptoms of anHCV-associated disorder, and/or a disease or condition described herein.In an example, an effective amount of the HCV-modulating compound is theamount sufficient to treat HCV infection in a subject. In anotherexample, an effective amount of the HCV-modulating compound is theamount sufficient to treat HCV infection, liver cirrhosis, chronic liverdisease, hepatocellular carcinoma, cryoglobulinaemia, non-Hodgkin'slymphoma, and a suppressed innate intracellular immune response in asubject. The effective amount can vary depending on such factors as thesize and weight of the subject, the type of illness, or the particularcompound of the invention. For example, the choice of the compound ofthe invention can affect what constitutes an “effective amount.” One ofordinary skill in the art would be able to study the factors containedherein and make the determination regarding the effective amount of thecompounds of the invention without undue experimentation.

The regimen of administration can affect what constitutes an effectiveamount. The compound of the invention can be administered to the subjecteither prior to or after the onset of an HCV-associated state. Further,several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages, can beadministered daily or sequentially, or the dose can be continuouslyinfused, or can be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of thecompound(s) of the invention can be proportionally increased ordecreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic orprophylactic situation.

Compounds of the invention may be used in the treatment of states,disorders or diseases as described herein, or for the manufacture ofpharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of these diseases.Methods of use of compounds of the present invention in the treatment ofthese diseases, or pharmaceutical preparations having compounds of thepresent invention for the treatment of these diseases.

The language “pharmaceutical composition” includes preparations suitablefor administration to mammals, e.g., humans. When the compounds of thepresent invention are administered as pharmaceuticals to mammals, e.g.,humans, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical compositioncontaining, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) ofactive ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art recognized andincludes a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle,suitable for administering compounds of the present invention tomammals. The carriers include liquid or solid filler, diluent,excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying ortransporting the subject agent from one organ, or portion of the body,to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredientsof the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples ofmaterials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriersinclude: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such ascorn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such assodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate;powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoabutter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil,safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols,such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitoland polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate;agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminumhydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer'ssolution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxiccompatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium laurylsulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releaseagents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents,preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: watersoluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride,sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like;oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propylgallate, α-tocopherol, and the like; and metal chelating agents, such ascitric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaricacid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral,nasal, topical, transdermal, buccal, sublingual, rectal, vaginal and/orparenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently bepresented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods wellknown in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient that canbe combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form willgenerally be that amount of the compound that produces a therapeuticeffect. Generally, out of one hundred per cent, this amount will rangefrom about 1 per cent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient,preferably from about 5 per cent to about 70 per cent, most preferablyfrom about 10 per cent to about 30 per cent.

Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the stepof bringing into association a compound of the present invention withthe carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. Ingeneral, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimatelybringing into association a compound of the present invention withliquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, ifnecessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be inthe form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using aflavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders,granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueousliquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as anelixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatinand glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and thelike, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of thepresent invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the presentinvention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration(capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like), theactive ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any ofthe following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose,glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example,carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegratingagents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch,alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; solutionretarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such asquaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example,cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; absorbents, such as kaolin andbentonite clay; lubricants, such a talc, calcium stearate, magnesiumstearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, andmixtures thereof; and coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tabletsand pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise bufferingagents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed asfillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipientsas lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycols and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one ormore accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared usingbinder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose),lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example,sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose),surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made bymolding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compoundmoistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pillsand granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings andshells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in thepharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as toprovide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient thereinusing, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportionsto provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices,liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example,filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can bedissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable mediumimmediately before use. These compositions may also optionally containopacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release theactive ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion ofthe gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples ofembedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances andwaxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, ifappropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of theinvention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions,solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the activeingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluent commonlyused in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents,solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropylalcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzylbenzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular,cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils),glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acidesters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvantssuch as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening,flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspendingagents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylenesorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminummetahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixturesthereof.

Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention forrectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository,which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the inventionwith one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carrierscomprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, asuppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature,but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectumor vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Formulations of the present invention which are suitable for vaginaladministration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes,foams or spray formulations containing such carriers as are known in theart to be appropriate.

Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compoundof this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams,lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. The active compound maybe mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may berequired.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to anactive compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal andvegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulosederivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid,talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of thisinvention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminumhydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of thesesubstances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, suchas chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons,such as butane and propane.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlleddelivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosageforms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the propermedium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux ofthe compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled byeither providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the activecompound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions and the like,are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteraladministration comprise one or more compounds of the invention incombination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable sterileisotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions oremulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterileinjectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may containantioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render theformulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient orsuspending or thickening agents.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that may beemployed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention includewater, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof,vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, suchas ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by theuse of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of therequired particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use ofsurfactants.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives,wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention ofthe action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben,chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also bedesirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride,and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption ofthe injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusionof agents that delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate andgelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirableto slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscularinjection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension ofcrystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rateof absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolutionwhich, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drugform is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oilvehicle.

Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices ofthe subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer,and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drugrelease can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymersinclude poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectableformulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes ormicroemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.

The preparations of the present invention may be given orally,parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given by formssuitable for each administration route. For example, they areadministered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eyelotion, ointment, suppository, etc., administration by injection,infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal bysuppositories. Oral administration is preferred.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally”as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral andtopical administration, usually by injection, and includes, withoutlimitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal,intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal,transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically,”“peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as usedherein mean the administration of a compound, drug or other materialother than directly into the central nervous system, such that it entersthe patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other likeprocesses, for example, subcutaneous administration.

These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals fortherapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally,nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally,parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointmentsor drops, including buccally and sublingually.

Regardless of the route of administration selected, the compounds of thepresent invention, which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/orthe pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulatedinto pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms by conventional methodsknown to those of skill in the art.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amountof the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desiredtherapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode ofadministration, without being toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the activity of the particular compound of the presentinvention employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route ofadministration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of theparticular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, otherdrugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with theparticular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, generalhealth and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and likefactors well known in the medical arts.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readilydetermine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian couldstart doses of the compounds of the invention employed in thepharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in orderto achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase thedosage until the desired effect is achieved.

In general, a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will bethat amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to producea therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend uponthe factors described above. Generally, intravenous and subcutaneousdoses of the compounds of this invention for a patient, when used forthe indicated analgesic effects, will range from about 0.0001 to about100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, more preferably from about0.01 to about 50 mg per kg per day, and still more preferably from about1.0 to about 100 mg per kg per day. An effective amount is that amounttreats an HCV-associated disorder.

If desired, the effective daily dose of the active compound may beadministered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-dosesadministered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day,optionally, in unit dosage forms.

While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to beadministered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as apharmaceutical composition.

Synthetic Procedure

Compounds of the present invention are prepared from commonly availablecompounds using procedures known to those skilled in the art, includingany one or more of the following conditions without limitation:

Within the scope of this text, only a readily removable group that isnot a constituent of the particular desired end product of the compoundsof the present invention is designated a “protecting group,” unless thecontext indicates otherwise. The protection of functional groups by suchprotecting groups, the protecting groups themselves, and their cleavagereactions are described for example in standard reference works, such ase.g., Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods of MolecularTransformation. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 2005. 41627 pp.(URL: http://www.science-of-synthesis.com (Electronic Version, 48Volumes)); J. F. W. McOmie, “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”,Plenum Press, London and New York 1973, in T. W. Greene and P. G. M.Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Third edition, Wiley,New York 1999, in “The Peptides”; Volume 3 (editors: E. Gross and J.Meienhofer), Academic Press, London and New York 1981, in “Methoden derorganischen Chemie” (Methods of Organic Chemistry), Houben Weyl, 4thedition, Volume 15/I, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1974, in H.-D.Jakubke and H. Jeschkeit, “Aminosäuren, Peptide, Proteine” (Amino acids,Peptides, Proteins), Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Deerfield Beach, and Basel1982, and in Jochen Lehmann, “Chemie der Kohlenhydrate: Monosaccharideand Derivate” (Chemistry of Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides andDerivatives), Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1974. A characteristic ofprotecting groups is that they can be removed readily (i.e., without theoccurrence of undesired secondary reactions) for example by solvolysis,reduction, photolysis or alternatively under physiological conditions(e.g., by enzymatic cleavage).

Salts of compounds of the present invention having at least onesalt-forming group may be prepared in a manner known per se. Forexample, salts of compounds of the present invention having acid groupsmay be formed, for example, by treating the compounds with metalcompounds, such as alkali metal salts of suitable organic carboxylicacids, e.g., the sodium salt of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, with organicalkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds, such as thecorresponding hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates, such assodium or potassium hydroxide, carbonate or hydrogen carbonate, withcorresponding calcium compounds or with ammonia or a suitable organicamine, stoichiometric amounts or only a small excess of the salt-formingagent preferably being used. Acid addition salts of compounds of thepresent invention are obtained in customary manner, e.g., by treatingthe compounds with an acid or a suitable anion exchange reagent.Internal salts of compounds of the present invention containing acid andbasic salt-forming groups, e.g., a free carboxy group and a free aminogroup, may be formed, e.g., by the neutralisation of salts, such as acidaddition salts, to the isoelectric point, e.g., with weak bases, or bytreatment with ion exchangers.

Salts can be converted in customary manner into the free compounds;metal and ammonium salts can be converted, for example, by treatmentwith suitable acids, and acid addition salts, for example, by treatmentwith a suitable basic agent.

The present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptableisotopically-labeled compounds of the invention, i.e. compounds offormula (I), wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having thesame atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from theatomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.

Examples of isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of theinvention comprises isotopes of hydrogen, such as ²H and ³H, carbon,such as ¹¹C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C, chlorine, such as ³⁶Cl, fluorine, such as ¹⁸iodine, such as ¹²³I and ¹²⁵I, nitrogen, such as ¹³N and ¹⁵N, oxygen,such as ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O and ¹⁸O, such as ³²P, and sulphur, such as ³⁵S.

Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of formula (I), for example,those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/orsubstrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium,i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for thispurpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means ofdetection.

Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. ²H, mayafford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.

Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and¹³N, can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies forexamining substrate receptor occupancy.

Isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I) can generally be preparedby conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or byprocesses analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples andPreparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagents in placeof the non-labeled reagent previously employed.

Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the inventioninclude those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopicallysubstituted, e.g. D₂O, d₆-acetone, d₆-DMSO.

Mixtures of isomers obtainable according to the invention can beseparated in a manner known per se into the individual isomers;diastereoisomers can be separated, for example, by partitioning betweenpolyphasic solvent mixtures, recrystallisation and/or chromatographicseparation, for example over silica gel or by, e.g., medium pressureliquid chromatography over a reversed phase column, and racemates can beseparated, for example, by the formation of salts with optically puresalt-forming reagents and separation of the mixture of diastereoisomersso obtainable, for example by means of fractional crystallisation, or bychromatography over optically active column materials.

Intermediates and final products can be worked up and/or purifiedaccording to standard methods, e.g., using chromatographic methods,distribution methods, (re-) crystallization, and the like.

General Process Conditions

The following applies in general to all processes mentioned throughoutthis disclosure.

The process steps to synthesize the compounds of the invention can becarried out under reaction conditions that are known per se, includingthose mentioned specifically, in the absence or, customarily, in thepresence of solvents or diluents, including, for example, solvents ordiluents that are inert towards the reagents used and dissolve them, inthe absence or presence of catalysts, condensation or neutralizingagents, for example ion exchangers, such as cation exchangers, e.g., inthe H⁺ form, depending on the nature of the reaction and/or of thereactants at reduced, normal or elevated temperature, for example in atemperature range of from about -100° C. to about 190° C., including,for example, from approximately −80° C. to approximately 150° C., forexample at from −80 to −60° C., at room temperature, at from −20 to 40°C. or at reflux temperature, under atmospheric pressure or in a closedvessel, where appropriate under pressure, and/or in an inert atmosphere,for example under an argon or nitrogen atmosphere.

At all stages of the reactions, mixtures of isomers that are formed canbe separated into the individual isomers, for example diastereoisomersor enantiomers, or into any desired mixtures of isomers, for exampleracemates or mixtures of diastereoisomers, for example analogously tothe methods described in Science of Synthesis: Houben-Weyl Methods ofMolecular Transformation. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 2005.

The solvents from which those solvents that are suitable for anyparticular reaction may be selected include those mentioned specificallyor, for example, water, esters, such as lower alkyl-lower alkanoates,for example ethyl acetate, ethers, such as aliphatic ethers, for examplediethyl ether, or cyclic ethers, for example tetrahydrofurane ordioxane, liquid aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene or toluene,alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol or 1- or 2-propanol, nitriles, suchas acetonitrile, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride orchloroform, acid amides, such as dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide, bases, such as heterocyclic nitrogen bases, for examplepyridine or N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, carboxylic acid anhydrides, suchas lower alkanoic acid anhydrides, for example acetic anhydride, cyclic,linear or branched hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, hexane orisopentane, or mixtures of those solvents, for example aqueoussolutions, unless otherwise indicated in the description of theprocesses. Such solvent mixtures may also be used in working up, forexample by chromatography or partitioning.

The compounds, including their salts, may also be obtained in the formof hydrates, or their crystals may, for example, include the solventused for crystallization. Different crystalline forms may be present.

The invention relates also to those forms of the process in which acompound obtainable as an intermediate at any stage of the process isused as starting material and the remaining process steps are carriedout, or in which a starting material is formed under the reactionconditions or is used in the form of a derivative, for example in aprotected form or in the form of a salt, or a compound obtainable by theprocess according to the invention is produced under the processconditions and processed further in situ.

Pro-Drugs

The present invention also relates to pro-drugs of a compound of thepresent invention that are converted in vivo to the compounds of thepresent invention as described herein. Any reference to a compound ofthe present invention is therefore to be understood as referring also tothe corresponding pro-drugs of the compound of the present invention, asappropriate and expedient.

Combinations

A compound of the present invention may also be used in combination withother agents, e.g., an additional HCV-modulating compound that is or isnot of the formula I, for treatment of and HCV-associated disorder in asubject.

By the term “combination”, is meant either a fixed combination in onedosage unit form, or a kit of parts for the combined administrationwhere a compound of the present invention and a combination partner maybe administered independently at the same time or separately within timeintervals that especially allow that the combination partners show acooperative, e.g., synergistic, effect, or any combination thereof.

For example, WO 2005/042020, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety, describes the combination of various HCV inhibitors with acytochrome P450 (“CYP”) inhibitor. Any CYP inhibitor that improves thepharmacokinetics of the relevant NS3/4A protease may be used incombination with the compounds of this invention. These CYP inhibitorsinclude, but are not limited to, ritonavir (WO 94/14436, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety), ketoconazole, troleandomycin,4-methyl pyrazole, cyclosporin, clomethiazole, cimetidine, itraconazole,fluconazole, miconazole, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, nefazodone,sertraline, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, fosamprenavir,saquinavir, lopinavir, delavirdine, erythromycin, VX-944, and VX-497.Preferred CYP inhibitors include ritonavir, ketoconazole,troleandomycin, 4-methyl pyrazole, cyclosporin, and clomethiazole.

Methods for measuring the ability of a compound to inhibit CYP activityare known (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,157 and Yun, et al. DrugMetabolism & Disposition, vol. 21, pp. 403-407 (1993); incorporatedherein by reference). For example, a compound to be evaluated may beincubated with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg protein/ml, or other appropriateconcentration of human hepatic microsomes (e. g., commerciallyavailable, pooled characterized hepatic microsomes) for 0, 5, 10, 20,and 30 minutes, or other appropriate times, in the presence of anNADPH-generating system. Control incubations may be performed in theabsence of hepatic microsomes for 0 and 30 minutes (triplicate). Thesamples may be analyzed for the presence of the compound. Incubationconditions that produce a linear rate of compound metabolism will beused a guide for further studies. Experiments known in the art can beused to determine the kinetics of the compound metabolism (K_(m) andV_(max)). The rate of disappearance of compound may be determined andthe data analyzed according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics by usingLineweaver-Burk, Eadie-Hofstee, or nonlinear regression analysis.

Inhibition of metabolism experiments may then be performed. For example,a compound (one concentration, <K_(m)) may be incubated with pooledhuman hepatic microsomes in the absence or presence of a CYP inhibitor(such as ritonavir) under the conditions determined above. As would berecognized, control incubations should contain the same concentration oforganic solvent as the incubations with the CYP inhibitor. Theconcentrations of the compound in the samples may be quantitated, andthe rate of disappearance of parent compound may be determined, withrates being expressed as a percentage of control activity.

Methods for evaluating the influence of co-administration of a compoundof the invention and a CYP inhibitor in a subject are also known (see,e.g., US2004/0028755; incorporated herein by reference). Any suchmethods could be used in connection with this invention to determine thepharmacokinetic impact of a combination. Subjects that would benefitfrom treatment according to this invention could then be selected.

Accordingly, one embodiment of this invention provides a method foradministering an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a compound of the invention.Another embodiment of this invention provides a method for administeringan inhibitor of isozyme 3A4 (“CYP3A4”), isozyme 2C19 (“CYP2C19”),isozyme 2D6 (“CYP2D6”), isozyme 1A2 (“CYP1A2”), isozyme 2C9 (“CYP2C9”),or isozyme 2E1 (“CYP2E1”). In embodiments where the protease inhibitoris VX-950 (or a sterereoisomer thereof), the CYP inhibitor preferablyinhibits CYP3A4.

As would be appreciated, CYP3A4 activity is broadly observed in humans.Accordingly, embodiments of this invention involving inhibition ofisozyme 3A4 would be expected to be applicable to a broad range ofpatients.

Accordingly, this invention provides methods wherein the CYP inhibitoris administered together with the compound of the invention in the samedosage form or in separate dosage forms.

The compounds of the invention (e.g., compound of Formula I orsubformulae thereof) may be administered as the sole ingredient or incombination or alteration with other antiviral agents, especially agentsactive against HCV. In combination therapy, effective dosages of two ormore agents are administered together, whereas in alternation orsequential-step therapy, an effective dosage of each agent isadministered serially or sequentially. In general, combination therapyis typically preferred over alternation therapy because it inducesmultiple simultaneous stresses on the virus. The dosages given willdepend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rate of the drug aswell as other factors. It is to be noted that dosage values will alsovary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to befurther understood that for any particular subject, specific dosageregimens and schedules should be adjusted over time according to theindividual need and the professional judgment of the personadministering or supervising the administration of the compositions. Theefficacy of a drug against the viral infection can be prolonged,augmented, or restored by administering the compound in combination oralternation with a second, and perhaps third antiviral compound thatinduces a different gene mutation than that caused by the principle drugin a drug resistant virus. Alternatively, the pharmacokinetic,biodistribution or other parameters of the drug can be altered by suchcombination or alternation therapy.

Daily dosages required in practicing the method of the present inventionwill vary depending upon, for example, the compound of the inventionemployed, the host, the mode of administration, the severity of thecondition to be treated. A preferred daily dosage range is about from 1to 50 mg/kg per day as a single dose or in divided doses. Suitable dailydosages for patients are on the order of from e.g. 1 to 20 mg/kg p.o ori.v. Suitable unit dosage forms for oral administration comprise fromca. 0.25 to 10 mg/kg active ingredient, e.g. compound of Formula I orany subformulae thereof, together with one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable diluents or carriers therefor. The amount of co-agent in thedosage form can vary greatly, e.g., 0.00001 to 1000mg/kg activeingredient.

Daily dosages with respect to the co-agent used will vary dependingupon, for example, the compound employed, the host, the mode ofadministration and the severity of the condition to be treated. Forexample, lamivudine may be administered at a daily dosage of 100 mg. Thepegylated interferon may be administered parenterally one to three timesper week, preferably once a week, at a total weekly dose ranging from 2to 10 million IU, more preferable 5 to 10 million IU, most preferable 8to 10 million IU. Because of the diverse types of co-agent that may beused, the amounts can vary greatly, e.g., 0.0001 to 5,000 mg/kg per day.

The current standard of care for treating hepatitis C is the combinationof pegylated interferon alpha with ribavirin, of which the recommendeddoses are1.5 μg/kg/wk peginterferon alfa-2b or 180 μg/wk peginterferonalfa-2a, plus 1,000 to 1,200 mg daily of ribavirin for 48 weeks forgenotype I patients, or 800 mg daily of ribavirin for 24 weeks forgenotype 2/3 patients.

The compound of the invention (e.g., compound of Formula I orsubformulae thereof) and co-agents of the invention may be administeredby any conventional route, in particular enterally, e.g. orally, forexample in the form of solutions for drinking, tablets or capsules orparenterally, for example in the form of injectable solutions orsuspensions. Certain preferred pharmaceutical compositions may be e.g.those based on microemulsions as described in UK 2,222,770 A.

The compound of the invention (e.g., compound of Formula I orsubformulae thereof) are administered together with other drugs(co-agents) e.g. a drug which has anti-viral activity, especiallyanti-Flaviviridae activity, most especially anti-HCV activity, e.g. aninterferon, e.g. interferon-α-2a or interferon-α-2b, e.g. Intron^(R) A,Roferon^(R), Avonex^(R), Rebif^(R) or Betaferon^(R), or an interferonconjugated to a water soluble polymer or to human albumin, e.g.albuferon, an anti-viral agent, e.g. ribavirin, lamivudine, thecompounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,812,219 and WO 2004/002422 A2(the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties), an inhibitor of the HCV or other Flaviviridae virus encodedfactors like the NS3/4A protease, helicase or RNA polymerase or aprodrug of such an inhibitor, an anti-fibrotic agent, e.g. aN-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, e.g. imatinib, an immunemodulating agent, e.g. mycophenolic acid, a salt or a prodrug thereof,e.g. sodium mycophenolate or mycophenolate mofetil, or a S1P receptoragonist, e.g. FTY720 or an analogue thereof optionally phosphorylated,e.g. as disclosed in EP627406A1, EP778263A1, EP1002792A1, WO02/18395,WO02/76995, WO 02/06268, JP2002316985, WO03/29184, WO03/29205,WO03/62252 and WO03/62248, the disclosures of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

Conjugates of interferon to a water-soluble polymer are meant to includeespecially conjugates to polyalkylene oxide homopolymers such aspolyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycols, polyoxyethylenatedpolyols, copolymers thereof and block copolymers thereof. As analternative to polyalkylene oxide-based polymers, effectivelynon-antigenic materials such as dextran, polyvinyl pyrrolidones,polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohols, carbohydrate-based polymers and thelike can be used. Such interferon-polymer conjugates are described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 4,766,106, 4,917,888, European Patent Application No. 0236 987, European Patent Application No. 0 510 356 and InternationalApplication Publication No. WO 95/13090, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Since thepolymeric modification sufficiently reduces antigenic responses, theforeign interferon need not be completely autologous. Interferon used toprepare polymer conjugates may be prepared from a mammalian extract,such as human, ruminant or bovine interferon, or recombinantly produced.Preferred are conjugates of interferon to polyethylene glycol, alsoknown as pegylated interferons.

Especially preferred conjugates of interferon are pegylatedalfa-interferons, for example pegylated interferon-α-2a, pegylatedinterferon-α-2b; pegylated consensus interferon or pegylated purifiedinterferon-αproduct. Pegylated interferon-α-2a is described e.g. inEuropean Patent 593,868 (incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety) and commercially available e. g. under the tradename PEGASYS®(Hoffmann-La Roche). Pegylated interferon-α-2b is described, e.g. inEuropean Patent 975,369 (incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety) and commercially available e.g. under the tradename PEG-INTRONA® (Schering Plough). Pegylated consensus interferon is described in WO96/11953 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Thepreferred pegylated α-interferons are pegylated interferon-α-2a andpegylated interferon-α-2b. Also preferred is pegylated consensusinterferon.

Other preferred co-agents are fusion proteins of an interferon, forexample fusion proteins of interferon-α-2a, interferon-α-2b; consensusinterferon or purified interferon-α product, each of which is fused withanother protein. Certain preferred fusion proteins comprise aninterferon (e.g., interferon-α-2b) and an albumin as described in U.S.Pat. No. 6,973,322 and international publications WO02/60071,WO05/003296 and WO05/077042 (Human Genome Sciences). A preferredinterferon conjugated to a human albumin is Albuferon (Human GenomeSciences).

Cyclosporins which bind strongly to cyclophilin but are notimmunosuppressive include those cyclosporins recited in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,767,069 and 5,981,479 and are incorporated herein by reference.MeIle⁴-Cyclosporin is a preferred non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin.Certain other cyclosporin derivatives are described in WO2006039668(Scynexis) and WO2006038088 (Debiopharm SA) and are incorporated hereinby reference. A cyclosporin is considered to be non-immunosuppressivewhen it has an activity in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) of nomore than 5%, preferably no more than 2%, that of cyclosporin A. TheMixed Lymphocyte Reaction is described by T. Meo in “ImmunologicalMethods”, L. Lefkovits and B. Peris, Eds., Academic Press, N.Y. pp.227-239 (1979). Spleen cells (0.5×10⁶) from Balb/c mice (female, 8-10weeks) are co-incubated for 5 days with 0.5×10⁶ irradiated (2000 rads)or mitomycin C treated spleen cells from CBA mice (female, 8-10 weeks).The irradiated allogeneic cells induce a proliferative response in theBalb c spleen cells which can be measured by labeled precursorincorporation into the DNA. Since the stimulator cells are irradiated(or mitomycin C treated) they do not respond to the Balb/c cells withproliferation but do retain their antigenicity. The IC₅₀ found for thetest compound in the MLR is compared with that found for cyclosporin Ain a parallel experiment. In addition, non-immunosuppressivecyclosporins lack the capacity of inhibiting CN and the downstream NF-ATpathway. [MeIle]⁴-ciclosporin is a preferred non-immunosuppressivecyclophilin-binding cyclosporin for use according to the invention.

Ribavirin (1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1-1,2,4-triazole-3-caroxamide) is asynthetic, non-interferon-inducing, broad spectrum antiviral nucleosideanalog sold under the trade name, Virazole (The Merck Index, 11^(th)edition, Editor: Budavar, S, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.,p1304,1989). U.S. Pat. No. 3,798,209 and RE29,835 (incorporated hereinby reference in their entireties) disclose and claim ribavirin.Ribavirin is structurally similar to guanosine, and has in vitroactivity against several DNA and RNA viruses including Flaviviridae(Gary L. Davis, Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000).

Ribavirin reduces serum amino transferase levels to normal in 40% ofpatients, but it does not lower serum levels of HCV-RNA (Gary L. Davis,Gastroenterology 118:S104-S114, 2000). Thus, ribavirin alone is noteffective in reducing viral RNA levels. Additionally, ribavirin hassignificant toxicity and is known to induce anemia. Ribavirin is notapproved for monotherapy against HCV; it is approved in combination withinterferon alpha-2a or interferon alpha-2b for the treatment of HCV.

A further preferred combination is a combination of a compound of theinvention (e.g., a compound of Formula I or any subformulae thereof)with a non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin-binding cyclosporine, withmycophenolic acid, a salt or a prodrug thereof, and/or with a S1Preceptor agonist, e.g. FTY720.

Additional examples of compounds that can be used in combination oralternation treatments include:

(1) Interferons, including interferon alpha 2a or 2b and pegylated (PEG)interferon alpha 2a or 2b, for example:

-   -   (a) Intron-A®, interferon alfa-2b (Schering Corporation,        Kenilworth, N.J.);    -   (b) PEG-Intron®, peginteferon alfa-2b (Schering Corporation,        Kenilworth, N.J.);    -   (c) Roferon®, recombinant interferon alfa-2a (Hoffmann-La Roche,        Nutley, N.J.);    -   (d) Pegasys®, peginterferon alfa-2a (Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley,        N.J.);    -   (e) Berefor®, interferon alfa 2 available (Boehringer Ingelheim        Pharmaceutical, Inc., Ridgefield, Conn.);    -   (f) Sumiferon®, a purified blend of natural alpha interferons        (Sumitomo, Japan)    -   (g) Wellferon®, lymphoblastoid interferon alpha n1        (GlaxoSmithKline);    -   (h) Infergen®, consensus alpha interferon (InterMune        Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Brisbane, Calif.);    -   (i) Alferon®, a mixture of natural alpha interferons (Interferon        Sciences, and Purdue Frederick Co., Conn.);    -   (j) Viraferon®;    -   (k) Consensus alpha interferon from Amgen, Inc., Newbury Park,        Calif.,

Other forms of interferon include: interferon beta, gamma, tau andomega, such as Rebif (Interferon beta 1a) by Serono, Omniferon (naturalinterferon) by Viragen, REBIF (interferon beta-1a) by Ares-Serono, OmegaInterferon by BioMedicines; oral Interferon Alpha by AmarilloBiosciences; an interferon conjugated to a water soluble polymer or to ahuman albumin, e.g., Albuferon (Human Genome Sciences), an antiviralagent, a consensus interferon, ovine or bovine interferon-tau

Conjugates of interferon to a water-soluble polymer are meant to includeespecially conjugates to polyalkylene oxide homopolymers such aspolyethylene glocol (PEG) or polypropylene glycols, polyoxyethylenatedpolyols, copolymers thereof and block copolymers thereof. As analternative to polyalkylene oxid-based polymers, effectivelynon-antigenic materials such as dextran, polyvinyl pyrrolidones,polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohols, carbohydrate-based polymers and thelike can be used. Since the polymeric modification sufficiently reducesantigenic response, the foreign interferon need not be completelyautologous. Interferon used to prepare polymer conjugates may beprepared from a mammalian extract, such as human, ruminant or bovineinterferon, or recombinantly produced. Preferred are conjugates ofinterferon to polyethylene glycol, also known as pegylated interferons.

(2) Ribavirin, such as ribavirin(1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) from ValeantPharmaceuticals, Inc., Costa Mesa, Calif.); Rebetol® from ScheringCorporation, Kenilworth, N.J., and Copegus® from Hoffmann-La Roche,Nutley, N.J.; and new ribavirin analogues in development such asLevovirin and Viramidine by Valeant,

(3) Thiazolidine derivatives which show relevant inhibition in areverse-phase HPLC assay with an NS3/4A fusion protein and NS5A/5Bsubstrate (Sudo K. et al., Antiviral Research, 1996, 32, 9-18),especially compound RD-1-6250, possessing a fused cinnamoyl moietysubstituted with a long alkyl chain, RD4 6205 and RD4 6193;

(4) Thiazolidines and benzanilides identified in Kakiuchi N. et al. J.FEBS Letters 421, 217-220; Takeshita N. et al. Analytical Biochemistry,1997, 247, 242-246;

(5) A phenan-threnequinone possessing activity against protease in aSDS-PAGE and autoradiography assay isolated from the fermentationculture broth of Streptomyces sp., Sch 68631 (Chu M. et al., TetrahedronLetters, 1996, 37, 7229-7232), and Sch 351633, isolated from the fungusPenicillium griseofulvum, which demonstrates activity in a scintillationproximity assay (Chu M. et al, Bioorganic and Medicinal ChemistryLetters 9, 1949-1952);

(6) Protease inhibitors.

Examples include substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors (Attwood etal., Antiviral peptide derivatives, PCT WO 98/22496, 1998; Attwood etal., Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 1999, 10, 259-273; Attwood etal, Preparation and use of amino acid derivatives as anti-viral agents,German Patent Pub. DE 19914474; Tung et al. Inhibitors of serineproteases, particularly hepatitis C virus NS3 protease; PCT WO98/17679), including alphaketoamides and hydrazinoureas, and inhibitorsthat terminate in an electrophile such as a boronic acid or phosphonate(Llinas-Brunet et al. Hepatitis C inhibitor peptide analogues, PCT WO99/07734) are being investigated.

Non-substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors such as2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro-benzamide derivatives (Sudo K. et al.,Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1997, 238 643-647;Sudo K. et al. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 1998, 9, 186),including RD3-4082 and RD3-4078, the former substituted on the amidewith a 14 carbon chain and the latter processing a para-phenoxyphenylgroup are also being investigated.

Sch 68631, a phenanthrenequinone, is an HCV protease inhibitor (Chu M etal., Tetrahedron Letters 37:7229-7232, 1996). In another example by thesame authors, Sch 351633, isolated from the fungus Penicilliumgrieofulvum, was identified as a protease inhibitor (Chu M. et al.,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9:1949-1952). Nanomolarpotency against the HCV NS3 protease enzyme has been achieved by thedesign of selective inhibitors based on the macromolecule eglin c. Eglinc, isolated from leech, is a potent inhibitor of several serineproteases such as S. griseus proteases A and B, ∀-chymotrypsin, chymaseand subtilisin. Qasim M. A. et al., Biochemistry 36:1598-1607, 1997.

U.S. patents disclosing protease inhibitors for the treatment of HCVinclude, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,933 to Spruce et al(incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) which discloses aclass of cysteine protease inhibitors for inhibiting HCV endopeptidase2; U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,276 to Zhang et al.(incorporated herein byreference in its entirety) which discloses synthetic inhibitors ofhepatitis C virus NS3 protease; U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,865 to Reyes etal.(incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Peptides as NS3serine protease inhibitors of HCV are disclosed in WO 02/008251 toCorvas International, Inc., and WO 02/08187 and WO 02/008256 to ScheringCorporation (incorporated herein by reference in their entireties). HCVinhibitor tripeptides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,534,523,6,410,531 and 6,420,380 to Boehringer Ingelheim and WO 02/060926 toBristol Myers Squibb (incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties). Diaryl peptides as NS3 serine protease inhibitors of HCVare disclosed in WO 02/48172 to Schering Corporation (incorporatedherein by reference). Imidazoleidinones as NS3 serine proteaseinhibitors of HCV are disclosed in WO 02/18198 to Schering Corporationand WO 02/48157 to Bristol Myers Squibb (incorporated herein byreference in their entireties). WO 98/17679 to Vertex Pharmaceuticalsand WO 02/48116 to Bristol Myers Squibb also disclose HCV proteaseinhibitors (incorporated herein by reference in their entireties).

HCV NS3-4A serine protease inhibitors including BILN 2061 by BoehringerIngelheim, VX-950 by Vertex, SCH 6/7 by Schering-Plough, and othercompounds currently in preclinical development;

Substrate-based NS3 protease inhibitors, including alphaketoamides andhydrazinoureas, and inhibitors that terminate in an elecrophile such asa boronic acid or phosphonate; Non-substrate-based NS3 proteaseinhibitors such as 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-nitro-benzamide derivativesincluding RD3-4082 and RD3-4078, the former substituted on the amidewith a 14 carbon chain and the latter processing a para-phenoxyphenylgroup; and Sch68631, a phenanthrenequinone, an HCV protease inhibitor.

Sch 351633, isolated from the fungus Penicillium griseofulvum wasidentified as a protease inhibitor. Eglin c, isolated from leech is apotent inhibitor of several serine proteases such as S. griseusproteases A and B, a-chymotrypsin, chymase and subtilisin.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,933 (incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety) discloses a class of cysteine protease inhibitors frominhibiting HCV endopeptidase 2; synthetic inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease(pat), HCV inhibitor tripeptides (pat), diaryl peptides such as NS3serine protease inhibitors of HCV (pat), Imidazolidindiones as NS3serine protease inhibitors of HCV (pat).

Thiazolidines and benzanilides (ref). Thiazolidine derivatives whichshow relevant inhibition in a reverse-phase HPLC assay with an NS3/4Afusion protein and NS5A/5B substrate especially compound RD-16250possessing a fused cinnamoyl moiety substituted with a long alkyl chain,RD4 6205 and RD4 6193

Phenan-threnequinone possessing activity against protease in a SDS-PAGEand autoradiography assay isolated from the fermentation culture brothof Streptomyces sp, Sch68631 and Sch351633, isolated from the fungusPenicillium griseofulvum, which demonstrates activity in a scintillationproximity assay.

(7) Nucleoside or non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5B RNA-dependentRNA polymerase, such as 2′-C-methyl-3′-O-L-valine ester ribofuranosylcytidine (Idenix) as disclosed in WO 2004/002422 A2 (incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety), R803 (Rigel), JTK-003 (Japan Tabacco),HCV-086 (ViroPharma/Wyeth) and other compounds currently in preclinicaldevelopment;

gliotoxin (ref) and the natural product cerulenin;

2′-fluoronucleosides;

other nucleoside analogues as disclosed in WO 02/057287 A2, WO 02/057425A2, WO 01/90121, WO 01/92282, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,812,219, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

Idenix Pharmaceuticals discloses the use of branched nucleosides in thetreatment of flaviviruses (including HCV) and pestiviruses inInternational Publication Nos. WO 01/90121 and WO 01/92282 (incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties). Specifically, a method for thetreatment of hepatitis C infection (and flaviviruses and pestiviruses)in humans and other host animals is disclosed in the Idenix publicationsthat includes administering an effective amount of a biologically active1′, 2′, 3′ or 4′-branced B-D or B-L nucleosides or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or prodrug thereof, administered either alone or incombination with another antiviral agent, optionally in apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Certain preferred biologicallyactive 1′, 2′, 3′, or 4′ branched B-D or B-L nucleosides, includingTelbivudine, are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,716 and 6,875,751,each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Other patent applications disclosing the use of certain nucleosideanalogs to treat hepatitis C virus include: PCTCA00/01316 (WO 01/32153;filed Nov. 3, 2000) and PCT/CA01/00197 (WO 01/60315; filed Feb. 19,2001) filed by BioChem Pharma, Inc., (now Shire Biochem, Inc.);PCT/US02/01531 (WO 02/057425; filed Jan. 18, 2002) and PCT/US02/03086(WO 02/057287; filed Jan. 18, 2002) filed by Merck & Co., Inc.,PCT/EP01/09633 (WO 02/18404; published Aug. 21, 2001) filed by Roche,and PCT Publication Nos. WO 01/79246 (filed Apr. 13, 2001), WO 02/32920(filed Oct. 18, 2001) and WO 02/48165 by Pharmasset, Ltd. (thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties)

PCT Publication No. WO 99/43691 to Emory University (incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety), entitled “2′-Fluoronucleosides” disclosesthe use of certain 2′-fluoronucleosides to treat HCV.

Eldrup et al. (Oral Session V, Hepatitis C Virus, Flaviviridae; 16^(th)International Conference on Antiviral Research (Apr. 27, 2003, Savannah,Ga.)) described the structure activity relationship of 2′-modifiednucleosides for inhibition of HCV.

Bhat et al. (Oral Session V, Hepatitis C Virus, Flaviviridae, 2003 (OralSession V, Hepatitis C Virus, Flaviviridae; 16^(th) Internationalconference on Antiviral Research (Apr. 27, 2003, Savannah, Ga.); p A75)describes the synthesis and pharmacokinetic properties of nucleosideanalogues as possible inhibitors of HCV RNA replication. The authorsreport that 2′-modified nucleosides demonstrate potent inhibitoryactivity in cell-based replicon assays.

Olsen et al. (Oral Session V, Hepatitis C Virus, Flaviviridae; 16^(th)International Conference on Antiviral Research (Apr. 27, 2003, Savannah,Ga.)p A76) also described the effects of the 2′-modified nucleosides onHCV RNA replication.

(8) Nucleotide polymerase inhibitors and gliotoxin (Ferrari R. et al.Journal of Virology, 1999, 73, 1649-1654), and the natural productcerulenin (Lohmann V. et al. Virology, 1998, 249, 108-118);

(9) HCV NS3 helicase inhibitors, such as VP_(—)50406 by ViroPhama andcompounds from Vertex. Other helicase inhibitors (Diana G. D. et al.,Compounds, compositions and methods for treatment of hepatitis C, U.S.Pat. No. 5,633,358 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety);Diana G. D. et al., Piperidine derivatives, pharmaceutical compositionsthereof and their use in the treatment of hepatitis C, PCT WO 97/36554);

(10) Antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (S-ODN)complementary to sequence stretches in the 5′ non-coding region (NCR) ofthe virus (Alt M. et al., Hepatology, 1995, 22, 707-717), or nucleotides326-348 comprising the 3′ end of the NCR and nucleotides 371-388 locatedin the core coding region of the HCV RNA (Alt M. et al., Archives ofVirology, 1997, 142, 589-599; Galderisi U. et al., Journal of CellularPhysiology, 199, 181, 251-257); such as ISIS 14803 by Isis Pharm/Elan,antisense by Hybridon, antisense by AVI bioPharma,

(11) Inhibitors of IRES-dependent translation (Ikeda N et al., Agent forthe prevention and treatment of hepatitis C, Japanese Patent Pub.JP-08268890; Kai Y et al. Prevention and treatment of viral diseases,Japanese Patent Pub. JP-10101591); such as ISIS 14803 by IsisPharm/Elan, IRES inhibitor by Anadys, IRES inhibitors by Immusol,targeted RNA chemistry by PTC Therapeutics

(12) Ribozymes, such as nuclease-resistant ribozymes (Maccjak, D. J. etal., Hepatology 1999, 30, abstract 995) and those directed in U.S. Pat.No. 6,043,077 to Barber et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,869,253 and5,610,054 to Draper et al. (incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties) for example, HEPTAZYME by RPI

(13) siRNA directed against HCV genome

(14) HCV replication inhibitor of any other mechanisms such as byVP50406ViroPharama/Wyeth, inhibitors from Achillion, Arrow

(15) An inhibitor of other targets in the HCV life cycle including viralentry, assembly and maturation

(16) An immune modulating agent such as an IMPDH inhibitor, mycophenolicacid, a salt or a prodrug thereof sodium mycophenolate or mycophenolatemofetil, or Merimebodib (VX-497); thymosin alpha-1 (Zadaxin, bySciClone); or a S11³ receptor agonist, e.g. FTY720 or analogue thereofoptionally phosphorylated.

(17) An anti-fibrotic agent, such as a N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-aminederivative, imatinib (Gleevac), IP-501 by Indevus, and Interferon gamma1b from InterMune

(18) Therapeutic vaccine by Intercell, Epimmune/Genecor, Merix, Tripep(Chron-VacC), immunotherapy (Therapore) by Avant, T cell therapy byCellExSys, monoclonal antibody XTL-002 by STL, ANA 246 and ANA 246 BYAnadys,

(19) Other miscellaneous compounds including 1-amino-alkylcyclohexanes(U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,134 to Gold et al.), alkyl lipids (U.S. Pat. No.5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), vitamin E and other anti-oxidants (U.S.Pat. No. 5,922,757 to Chojkier et al.), amantadine, bile acids (U.S.Pat. No. 5,846,99964 to Ozeki et al.), N-(phosphonoacetl)-L-asparticacid,) U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,905 to Diana et al.), benzenedicarboxamides(U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,388 to Diane et al.), polyadenylic acid derivatives(U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,546 to Wang et al.), 2′3′-dideoxyinosine (U.S. Pat.No. 5,026,687 to Yarchoan et al.), benzimidazoles (U.S. Pat. No.5,891,874 to Colacino et al.), plant extracts (U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,257to Tsai et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,859 to Omer et al., and U.S. Pat.No. 6,056,961) and piperidines (U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,905 to Diana etal.); the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties. Also, squalene, telbivudine,N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartic acid, benzenedicarboxamides, polyadenylicacid derivatives, glycosylation inhibitors, and nonspecificcytoprotective agents that block cell injury caused by the virusinfection.

(20) Any other compound currently in preclinical or clinical developmentfor the treatment of HCV, including Interleukin-10 (Schering-Plough),AMANTADINE (Symmetrel) by Endo Labs Solvay, caspase inhibitor IDN-6556by Idun Pharma, HCV/MF59 by Chiron, CIVACIR (Hepatitis C ImmuneGlobulin) by NABI, CEPLENE (histamine dichloride) by Maxim, IDN-6556 byIdun PHARM, T67, a beta-tubulin inhibitor, by Tularik, a therapeuticvaccine directed to E2 by Innogenetics, FK788 by Fujisawa Helathcare,IdB1016 (Siliphos, oral silybin-phosphatidyl choline phytosome), fusioninhibitor by Trimeris, Dication by Immtech, hemopurifier by AethlonMedical, UT 231B by United Therapeutics.

(21) Purine nucleoside analog antagonists of T1R7 (toll-like receptors)developed by Anadys, e.g., Isotorabine (ANA245) and its prodrug(ANA975), which are described in European applications EP348446 andEP636372, International Publications WO03/045968, WO05/121162 andWO05/25583, and U.S. Pat. No. 6/973,322, each of which is incorporatedby reference.

(21) Non-nucleoside inhibitors developed by Genelabs and described inInternational Publications WO2004/108687, WO2005/12288, andWO2006/076529, each of which is incorporated by reference.

(22) Other co-agents (e.g., non-immunomodulatory or immunomodulatorycompounds) that may be used in combination with a compound of thisinvention include, but are not limited to, those specified in WO02/18369, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Methods of this invention may also involve administration of anothercomponent comprising an additional agent selected from animmunomodulatory agent; an antiviral agent; an inhibitor of HCVprotease; an inhibitor of another target in the HCV life cycle; a CYPinhibitor; or combinations thereof.

Accordingly, in another embodiment, this invention provides a methodcomprising administering a compound of the invention and anotheranti-viral agent, preferably an anti-HCV agent. Such anti-viral agentsinclude, but are not limited to, immunomodulatory agents, such as α, β,and δ interferons, pegylated derivatized interferon-a compounds, andthymosin; other anti-viral agents, such as ribavirin, amantadine, andtelbivudine; other inhibitors of hepatitis C proteases (NS2-NS3inhibitors and NS3-NS4A inhibitors); inhibitors of other targets in theHCV life cycle, including helicase, polymerase, and metalloproteaseinhibitors; inhibitors of internal ribosome entry; broad-spectrum viralinhibitors, such as IMPDH inhibitors (e.g., compounds of U.S. Pat. Nos.5,807,876, 6,498,178, 6,344,465, 6,054,472, WO 97/40028, WO 98/40381, WO00/56331, and mycophenolic acid and derivatives thereof, and including,but not limited to VX-497, VX-148, and/or VX-944); or combinations ofany of the above.

In accordance with the foregoing the present invention provides in a yetfurther aspect:

-   -   A pharmaceutical combination comprising a) a first agent which        is a compound of the invention, e.g. a compound of formula I or        any subformulae thereof, and b) a co-agent, e.g. a second drug        agent as defined above.    -   A method as defined above comprising co-administration, e.g.        concomitantly or in sequence, of a therapeutically effective        amount of a compound of the invention, e.g. a compound of        formula I or any subformulae thereof, and a co-agent, e.g. a        second drug agent as defined above.

The terms “co-administration” or “combined administration” or the likeas utilized herein are meant to encompass administration of the selectedtherapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to includetreatment regimens in which the agents are not necessarily administeredby the same route of administration or at the same time. Fixedcombinations are also within the scope of the present invention. Theadministration of a pharmaceutical combination of the invention resultsin a beneficial effect, e.g. a synergistic therapeutic effect, comparedto a monotherapy applying only one of its pharmaceutically activeingredients.

Each component of a combination according to this invention may beadministered separately, together, or in any combination thereof. Asrecognized by skilled practitioners, dosages of interferon are typicallymeasured in IU (e.g., about 4 million IU to about 12 million IU).

If an additional agent is selected from another CYP inhibitor, themethod would, therefore, employ two or more CYP inhibitors. Eachcomponent may be administered in one or more dosage forms. Each dosageform may be administered to the patient in any order.

The compound of the invention and any additional agent may be formulatedin separate dosage forms. Alternatively, to decrease the number ofdosage forms administered to a patient, the compound of the inventionand any additional agent may be formulated together in any combination.For example, the compound of the invention inhibitor may be formulatedin one dosage form and the additional agent may be formulated togetherin another dosage form. Any separate dosage forms may be administered atthe same time or different times.

Alternatively, a composition of this invention comprises an additionalagent as described herein. Each component may be present in individualcompositions, combination compositions, or in a single composition.

EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, whichshould not be construed as further limiting. The assays used throughoutthe Examples are accepted. Demonstration of efficacy in these assays ispredictive of efficacy in subjects.

General Synthesis Methods

All starting materials, building blocks, reagents, acids, bases,dehydrating agents, solvents, and catalysts utilized to synthesis thecompounds of the present invention are either commercially available orcan be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one of ordinaryskill in the art (Houben-Weyl 4th Ed. 1952, Methods of OrganicSynthesis, Thieme, Volume 21). Further, the compounds of the presentinvention can be produced by organic synthesis methods known to one ofordinary skill in the art as shown in the following examples.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

-   Ac acetyl-   ACN Acetonitrile-   AcOEt/EtOAc Ethyl acetate-   AcOH acetic acid-   aq aqueous-   Ar aryl-   Bn benzyl-   Boc tert-butyloxy carbonyl-   Bu butyl (nBu=n-butyl, tBu=tert-butyl)-   CDI Carbonyldiimidazole-   CH₃CN Acetonitrile-   DBU 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene-   DCE 1,2-Dichloroethane-   DCM Dichloromethane-   DIPEA N-Ethyldiisopropylamine-   DMAP Dimethylaminopyridine-   DMF N,N′-Dimethylformamide-   DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide-   EI Electrospray ionization-   ES+ Electrospray (positive mode)-   ES− Electrospray (negative mode)-   Et₂O Diethylether-   Et₃N Triethylamine-   Ether Diethylether-   EtOH Ethanol-   FC Flash Chromatography-   h hour(s)-   HATU O-(7-Azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′N′-tetramethyluronium    hexafluorophosphate-   HBTU I-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium    hexafluorophosphate-   HCl Hydrochloric acid-   HOBt 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole-   HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography-   H₂O Water-   L liter(s)-   LC-MS Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-   Me methyl-   MeI Iodomethane-   MeOH Methanol-   mg milligram-   min minute(s)-   mL milliliter-   MS Mass Spectrometry-   Pd/C palladium on charcoal-   PG protecting group-   Ph phenyl-   Prep Preparative-   Rf ratio of fronts-   RP reverse phase-   Rt Retention time-   rt Room temperature-   SiO₂ Silica gel-   TBAF Tetrabutylammonium fluoride-   TEA Triethylamine-   TFA Trifluoroacetic acid-   THF Tetrahydrofurane-   TLC Thin Layer Chromatography

HPLC Methods: Method A:

-   HPLC-   Instrument: Agilent system-   column: waters symmetry C18, 3.5 μm, 2.1×50 mm, flow 0.6 ml/min-   solvent: CH₃CN (0.1% CF₃CO₂H); H₂O (0.1% CF₃CO₂H) gradient: 0-3.5    min: 20-95% CH₃CN, 3.5-5 min : 95% CH₃CN, 5.5-5.55 min 95% to 20%    CH₃CN

Method B:

-   Agilent 1100 LC chromatographic system with Micromass ZMD MS    detection. A binary gradient composed of A (water containing 5%    acetonitrile and 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid) and B (acetonitrile    containing 0.045% trifluoroacetic acid) is used as a mobile phase on    a Waters X Terra™ C-18 column (30×3 mm, 2.5 μm particle size) as a    stationary phase.-   The following elution profile is applied: a linear gradient of 3.5    minutes at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min from 5% of B to 95% of B,    followed by an isocratic elution of 0.5 minutes at a flow rate of    0.7 ml/min of 95% of B, followed by an isocratic elution of 0.5    minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min of 95% of B, followed by a    linear gradient of 0.2 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min from 95%    of B to 5% of B, followed by a isocratic elution of 0.2 minutes at a    flow rate of 0.7 ml/min of 5% of B.

Method C:

-   HPLC-   Instrument: Kontron, Kroma-System-   Column: Macherey-Nagel, Lichrosphere 100-5 RP 18-   Solvent: CH₃CN (0.1% CF₃CO₂H); H₂O (0.1% CF₃CO₂H)-   Gradient: 0-5 min: 10-100% CH₃CN; 5-7.5 min: 100% CH₃CN (Flow 1.5    mL/min)

Example 1

Step 1-A:

To a solution of Boc-L-t-butyl-gly-OH (711 mg, 3.08 mmol, 1.0 equiv) andamino alcohol I (600 mg, 3.08 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (15.0 mL) at−20° C. is added HATU (1.4 g, 3.69 mmol, 1.2 equiv), followed by DIPEA(1.6 mL, 9.2 mmol, 3.0 equiv). The solution is stirred at −20° C. for 24hours, 0° C. for 3 hours and room temperature for 1 hour. The reactionmixture is diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1.0 N HCl aq. solution.The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc.The organic layers are combined and washed with saturated aqueousNaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue ispurified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/EtOAc, 1/1) to giveproduct 1a. Found m/z ES+=409.

To a solution of alcohol 1a (890 mg) in acetone (10.0 mL) at −5° C. isadded a solution of Jones' reagent (3.0 M, 5.0 mL). The mixture iswarmed to 0° C. and stirred at this temperature for 2 hours. Thereaction is then quenched by slow addition of i-PrOH (5.0 mL) and themixture is then diluted with EtOAc. The phases are separated and theaqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are combined,washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated to give product 1b.Found m/z ES+=423.

Step 1-B:

To a solution of acid (906 mg, 2.1 mmol) in DMF (8.0 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (8.0mL) at 0° C. is added HATU (958 mg, 2.5 mmol, 1.2 equiv), amino alcohol(492 mg, 2.4 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and N-methyl-morpholine (0.692 mL, 6.3mmol, 3.0 equiv). The solution is stirred at room temperature for 3hours. The reaction mixture is added saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solutionand EtOAc/diethyl ether 1/1. The two phases are separated and theaqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are combined,washed with 1N HCl, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crudematerial is purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane/EtOH,9/1) to give product 1c. Found m/z ES+=577.

Step 1-C:

To a solution of alcohol 1c (450 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.6 mL) at 0° C. isadded DIPEA (0.504 mL) followed by a solution of Py.SO₃ complex (372 mg)in DMSO (0.6 mL). The solution is stirred at 0° C. for 10 minutes. Themixture is loaded directed to silica gel column and flushed withheptane/Acetone to give product 1d. Found m/z ES+=575.

The product is dissolved in 15 mL of 4.0 M HCl in dioxane. The solutionwas stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solution is dilutedwith 50 mL heptane and concentrated to give crude product 1e, which iscarried on to the next step with no purification. Found m/z ES+=475.

Alternative Synthetic Route from I to 1c.

To a solution of I (1.95 g, 10 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20.0 mL) at roomtemperature added Boc anhydride and DIPEA (0.434 mL, 10.5 mmol, 1.05equiv). The solution is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Thesolvent is evaporated and the residue is purified by silica gelchromatography (heptane/EtOAc, 2/1) to give product 1a′ 2.1 g.

To a solution of alcohol 1a′ (3.0 g, 10.2 mmol) in acetone (30.0 mL) at0° C. added Jones' reagent (12.2 mL, 30.5 mmol, 3.0 equiv). The solutionis stirred at 0° C. for 1.0 hour. The reaction is quenched by additionof i-PrOH (5.0 mL). The solution is then diluted with EtOAc andfiltered. The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extractedwith EtOAc. The organic layers are combined, washed with brine, driedover Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude material is 1b′ is then used inthe next step without further purification.

To a solution of carboxylic acid 1b′ (1.0 g, 3.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8.0mL) and DMF (8.0 mL) at 0° C. added II (673 mg, 3.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv)followed by HATU (1.45 g, 3.8 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and N-methyl morpholine(1.05 mL, 9.6 mmol, 3.0 equiv). The solution is stirred at roomtemperature for 4 hours. To the solution is added EtOAc and sat. aq.NaHCO₃. The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted withEtOAc. The organic layers are combined, washed with 1.0 N HCl aq.solution, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue ispurified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/acetone, 1/1) to giveproduct 1c′ 975 mg. Found MS ES+=464.

To a flask containing 1c′ added 10 mL of 4.0 N HCl in dioxane. Thesolution is stirred at room temperature for 1.0 hour. The solvent isthen evaporated to give crude product 1d′, which is continued to thenext step without purification. Found MS ES+=364, ES−=362.

To mixtures of Boc-L-t-butyl-gly-OH (297 mg, 1.29 mmol, 1.0 equiv), 1d′(515 mg, 1.29 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (7.0 mL) at −20° C. added HATU(585 mg, 1.54 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and DIPEA (0.696 mL, 4.0 mmol, 3.0equiv). The solution is stirred at −20° C. for 12 hours then 0° C. for1.0 hour. To the solution is added EtOAc and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution.The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc.The organic layers are combined, washed with 1.0 N HCl aq. solution,brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue is purified bysilica gel chromatography (heptane/acetone, 1/1) to give product 1c 610mg. Found MS ES+=577, ES−=575.

Example 2

Step 2-A:

Intermediate 2a is prepared according to the procedure described for thesynthesis of 1f. Found MS ES+=491.

Step 2-B:

To a solution of Boc-L-cyclohexyl-gly-OH (0.391 g, 1.53 mmol) and 2a(800 mg, 1.53 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (7.0 mL) and DMF (7.0 mL) at 0°C. added HATU (697 mg, 1.8 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and N-methyl morpholine(0.505 mL, 4.6 mmol, 3.0 equiv). The solution is stirred at roomtemperature for 4 hours. To the solution is added EtOAc and sat. aq.NaHCO₃. The phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted withEtOAc. The organic layers are combined, washed with 1.0 N HCl aq.solution, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue ispurified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/acetone, 1/1) to giveproduct 2b. Found MS ES+=730, ES−=728.

To a flask containing 2b (1.02 g) added 4.0 N HCl in dioxane (10.0 mL).The solvent is evaporated to give crude material 2, which is continuedto the next step without purification. Found MZ ES+=630, ES−=628.

Example 3

Step 3-A

Intermediate 2a is prepared according to the procedure described for thesynthesis of 1f. Found MS ES+=491.

Step 3-B

To a cooled solution (0° C.) of Boc-L-t-butyl-gly-OH (555 mg, 1.29 mmol,1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (20.0 mL) was added HATU (960 mg, 2.50 mmol, 1.05equiv) and DIPEA (1.46 mL, 8.40 mmol, 3.5 equiv) and the solutionstirred for 15 mins. A premixed solution of Amine 3a (1.28 g, 2.40 mmol,1 equiv), DIPEA (0.43 mL, 2.40 mmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5.0 mL) wasadded to the activated acid. The solution is stirred at room temperaturefor 2 hours. To the solution is added EtOAc and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. Thephases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. Theorganic layers are combined, washed with 1.0 N HCl aq. solution, brine,dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue is purified by silicagel chromatography (heptane/acetone, 1/1) to give product 3b. Found MSES+=704, ES−=702.

To a flask containing 3b (1.02 g) added 4.0 N HCl in dioxane (10.0 mL).The solvent is evaporated to give crude material 3, which is continuedto the next step without purification. Found MZ ES+=604, ES−=602.

Example 4 Compound A-6

Step 4-A:

To mixtures of Pd/C (10% by wt., dry 30 mg) and methanol (5 mL) is addedL-pipecolinic acid 4a (2.3 mmol, 300 mg) and acetone (1 mL). Thereaction mixtures are stirred under 1 atm of H₂ for 16 hours. Thereaction flask is then purged with N₂ and filtered through celite.Removal of the methanol under reduced pressure gave the desired product4b (310 mg). Found m/z ES+=171.

Step 4-B

To a solution of the N-isopropyl-pipecolinic acid 4b (26 mg, 0.15 mmol)in DMF (0.8 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (0.8 mL) at 0° C. is added HATU (63 mg, 0.17mmol, 1.1 equiv), amine 2 (100 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv) andN-methyl-morpholine (0.07 mL, 0.60 mmol, 4.0 equiv). The solution isstirred at room temperature for 3 hours. To the reaction mixture isadded saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and EtOAc/diethyl ether 1/1. Thetwo phases are separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc.The organic layers are combined, washed with 1N HCl, brine, dried overNa₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude material is purified by silica gelcolumn chromatography (acetone/heptane, 6/4) to give product 4c. Foundm/z ES+=783.

Step 4-C

To a solution of alcohol 4c (122 mg, 0.16 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL) at 0°C. is added DIPEA (0.109 mL, 0.62 mmol) followed by a solution of sulfurtrioxide pyridine complex (50 mg, 0.31 mmol) in DMSO (1.0 mL). Thesolution is stirred at 0° C. for 10 mins. The mixture is loaded directlyonto a silica gel column and flushed with Acetone/Heptane 20-75% to giveproduct 4 (50 mg). Found ES (M+H⁺)=781.65.

Example 5 Compound A-44

Step 5-A

Amine 3 (synthesized as in Example 3) was coupled with 4b as in Step 4-Band oxidized as in Step 4-C to give 5 (ES (M+H⁺)=755.61).

Example 6 Compound A-15

Step 6-A

To a solution of (R)-3-piperidine-carboxylic acid 6a (1.0 eq, 5.0 g,38.7 mmol), Et₃N (0.9 eq, 5.0 mL, 35.9 mmol) in DCM (80.0 mL) andmethanol (80 mL) at 0° C., is added NaCNBH₃ (2.6 eq, 6.4 g, 102 mmol) inone portion. Acetaldehyde (3.0 eq, 6.5 mL, 116 mmol) is added dropwise,and the resulted mixtures are stirred at room temperature overnight. Themixtures are then concentrated on vacuo. Acetonitrile (80 mL) is addedto the residue and the mixtures are filtered. The filtrate isconcentrated in vacuo. 4NHCl in dioxane (80 mL) is added and ethyl ether(80 mL) is added. The solid is then collected by filtration to giveproduct 6b (0.90 g).

Step 6-B

To a solution of the acid 6a (26 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL) wasadded HOBt (31 mg, 0.23 mmol) and EDCI (43 mg, 0.23 mmol) and solutionstirred at rt for 15 min. Then a solution of amine 2 (100 mg, 0.15 mmol)and N-methyl-morpholine (0.07 mL, 0.60 mmol, 4.0 equiv). in CH₂Cl₂ (0.8mL) was added and the mixture stirred overnight. To the reaction mixtureis added saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and EtOAc. The two phases areseparated and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The organiclayers are combined, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated. The crude material is purified by silica gel columnchromatography (acetone/heptane, 6/4) to give product 6c. Found m/zES+=769.

Step 6-C

To a solution of alcohol 6c (44 mg, 0.06 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL) at 0°C. is added DIPEA (0.3 mL, 0.24 mmol) followed by a solution of sulfurtrioxide pyridine complex (19 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMSO (1.0 mL). Thesolution is stirred at 0° C. for 10 mins. The mixture is loaded directlyonto a silica gel column and flushed with Acetone/Heptane 20-75% to giveproduct 6 (22 mg). Found ES (M+H⁺)=767.79

Example 7 Compound A-4

Step 7-A

Prepared in a similar manner as described in Step 4-A

Step 7-B

Coupled and oxidized as in Example 6. Obtained 7, Found ES(M+H⁺)=781.56.

Example 8 Compound A-50

Step 8-A

To a suspension of Pd/C (10% by wt., dry 50 mg) in methanol (8.0 mL)added R-nipecotic acid 8a (3.87 mmol, 500 mg) and paraformaldehyde (5.8mmol, 174 mg). The flask is charged with H₂ and is kept stirring under aballoon of H₂ for 3 hours at 50° C. At this time the reaction is judgedto be complete by ¹³C NMR. The reaction mixture is then purged with N₂and filtered through celite. Removal of the methanol under reducedpressure gave the desired product 8b (500 mg).

Step 8-B

Coupled and oxidized as in Example 6. Obtained 8, Found ES (M+H⁺)=753.42

Example 9 Compound A-73

Step 9-A

9a is synthesized as in step 4-A, Coupling and Oxidation as in Example6. Found 9 m/z ES (M+H⁺)=727.37

Example 10 Synthetic Preparation of Amino-Alcohol D-9

Step 1: Preparation of Intermediate D-2

A mixture of (S)-(+)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-pyrrolidinone D-1 (20.0 g, 0.17mol), benzaldehyde (20.3 g, 0.19 mol), and p-toluenosulfonic acid (0.38g, 0.002 mol) in toluene (235 mL) is refluxed for 17 h while collectingwater using a Dean-Stark water separator. The cooled reaction mixture iswashed with 5% NaHCO₃ (2×50 mL), saturated NaHSO₃ (4×50 mL), and brine(2×5 mL). The organic layer is dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to givecompound D-2 (31.2 g, 88.5%) as a light yellow oil which is useddirectly in the next step without further purification.

Step 2: Preparation of Intermediate D-3

The 2-L, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 50.8 g (0.250 mol) of crudecompound D-2 and 400 mL of THF. Cool the solution to an internaltemperature of −75±2° C. and add 262.5 mL (0.263 mol) of lithiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide 1.0 M solution in THF over 1.5 h whilemaintaining an internal temperature at −75±2° C. Stir the reactionmixture at an internal temperature −75±2° C. for 1.5 h. Add the solutionof 19.3 g (0.275 mol) of cyclobutanone in 200 mL of THF over 1 h whilemaintaining an internal temperature at −75±2° C. and stir at thistemperature for 1.5 h. Add to the reaction mixture 700 mL of saturatedaqueous solution of ammonium chloride over 0.5 h at an internaltemperature of −75 to −35° C. Warm up the reaction mixture to aninternal temperature 20±2° C. and add 700 mL of ethyl acetate. Separatethe phases and extract the aqueous phase with 2×500 mL of ethyl acetate.Combine the organic layers and wash with 700 mL of 15% aqueous of sodiumchloride. Separate the phases and concentrate the organic layer (˜2.7 L)under reduced pressure (75-32 mbar) at an internal temperature 30-35° C.to afford 71.7 g of crude compound D-3 as an oil.

Step 3: Preparation of Intermediate D-4

The 1-L, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 34.2 g (0.125 mol) of crudecompound D-3 and 420 mL of CH₂Cl₂. Cool the solution to an internaltemperature of 0±2° C. and add 63.2 g (0.63 mol) of triethylamine over25 minutes while maintaining an internal temperature at 0±2° C. Then add3.1 g (0.025 mol) of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Stir the reactionmixture at an internal temperature 0±2° C. for 20 min. Add 21.5 g (0.19mol) of methanesulfonyl chloride over 25 minutes while maintaining aninternal temperature at 0±2° C. and stir at this temperature for 0.5 h.Warm up the reaction mixture to an internal temperature 43±2° C. andstir at this temperature for 20 h. Cool the reaction mixture to aninternal temperature of 0±2° C. and add 280 mL of sat. aqueous solutionof ammonium chloride and 280 mL of ethyl acetate. Separate the phasesand extract the aqueous phase with 2×250 mL of ethyl acetate. Combinethe organic layers and wash with 350 mL of 15% aqueous of sodiumchloride. Separate the phases and concentrate the organic layer (˜1.4 L)under reduced pressure (150-12 mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40°C. to afford 32.5 g of crude compound D-4 as an oil.

Step 4: Preparation of Intermediate D-5

The 2-L, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 28.0 g (0.25 mol) of potassiumtert-butoxide and 215 mL of DMSO. Stir the mixture at an internaltemperature 22±2° C. for 15 minutes to get a solution and add 22.3 g(0.25 mol) g of 2-nitropropane over 45 minutes while maintaining aninternal temperature at 22-32° C. Stir the reaction mixture at aninternal temperature 22±2° C. for 0.5 h. Then add the solution of 31.9 g(0.125 mol) of crude compound D-4 in 90 mL of DMSO over 25 minutes whilemaintaining an internal temperature at 22±2° C. Stir the reactionmixture at an internal temperature 22±2° C. for 0.5 h. Warm up thereaction mixture to an internal temperature 100±2° C. and stir at thistemperature for 85 h. Cool the reaction mixture to an internaltemperature of 0±2° C. and add 610 mL of water and 600 mL of ethylacetate. Separate the phases and extract the aqueous phase with 2×300 mLof ethyl acetate. Combine the organic layers and wash with 3×400 mL of15% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Separate the phases andconcentrate the organic layer (˜1.2 L) under reduced pressure (100−12mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. to afford 34.3 g of crudecompound D-5 as dark orange oil.

Step 5: Preparation of Intermediate D-6

The 1-L, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 32.7 g (0.11 mol) of crudecompound D-5 and 0.7 L of THF. Cool the reaction mixture to an internaltemperature of 0±2° C. and add 12.5 g (0.33 mol) of LiAlH₄ over 1 hwhile maintaining an internal temperature at 0±2° C. Stir the mixture atan internal temperature 0±2° C. for 1 h. Warm up the reaction mixture toan internal temperature 22±2° C. and stir at this temperature for 20 h.Cool the reaction mixture to an internal temperature of 0±2° C. and add12.5 mL of water and 12.5 mL of 15% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxideand 37.5 mL of water over 25 minutes while maintaining an internaltemperature at 0-5° C. Warm up the reaction mixture to an internaltemperature 22±2° C. and add 180 mL of ethyl acetate and 35 mL of water.Collect the solid by filtration over a Büchner funnel, and wash thesolid with 2×90 mL of ethyl acetate and 2×20 mL of water. Separate thephases of filtrate and extract the aqueous phase with 2×15 mL of ethylacetate. Combine the organic layers (˜1.1 L) and concentrate underreduced pressure (100—12 mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. Theresidue dissolve in 220 mL of ethyl acetate and wash with 70 mL of 15%aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Separate the phases and concentratethe organic layer (˜0.27 L) under reduced pressure (100−12 mbar) at aninternal temperature 35-40° C. to afford 30.5 g of crude compound D-6 asdark orange oil.

Step 6: Preparation of Intermediate D-7

The Paar hydrogenation bottle is charged with 15.0 g (0.053 mol) ofcrude compound D-6, 75 mL of isopropyl acetate, 9 mL (0.158 mol) ofacetic acid and 7.5 g of 10% Pd/C (50% wet). Flush and vent the Parrbottle first with nitrogen (40 psi) three times and next with hydrogen(50 psi) three times. Then pressurize the Parr bottle with hydrogen (60psi) and shake at an internal temperature 22±2° C. for 16 h. Filter thereaction mixture over the pad of 4.0 g of celite. Wash the celite padwith 3×15 mL of isopropyl acetate. Concentrate the filtrate underreduced pressure (100−12 mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. Tothe residue add 3×25 mL of isopropyl acetate and concentrate underreduced pressure (100−12 mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. Tothe residue add 50 mL of water and 25 mL of 6 N aqueous solution ofsodium hydroxide to pH˜12. Then add 3×100 mL of isopropyl acetate andseparated the phases. Combine the organic layers and wash with 80 mL of15% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Separate the phases andconcentrate the organic layer (˜0.35 L) under reduced pressure (100−12mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. to afford 10 g of crudecompound D-7 (diastereoisomeric mixture) as dark orange oil.

Step 7: Preparation of Intermediate D-8

Separation of diastereoisomeric mixture D-7 by treatment first withdi-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid and next with di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid:

The 100-mL, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 4.77 g (0.0244 mol) of crudecompound D-7 (diastereomeric mixture 1:1) and 50 mL of ethanol 200proof. Then add the solution of 9.44 g (0.0244 mol) of(+)-di-p-toluoyl-D-tartaric acid 30 mL of ethanol 200 proof over 7minutes while maintaining an internal temperature at 20-25° C. and stirthe mixture at an internal temperature 22±2° C. for 14 h. Warm up themixture to internal temperature 50±2° C. and stir at this temperaturefor an additional 2 h. Collect the solid by hot filtration over aBüchner funnel, and wash the solid with 3×5 mL of ethanol 200 proof.Concentrate the filtrate under reduced pressure (100−12 mbar) at aninternal temperature 35-40° C. To the residue add 20 mL of water and 8mL of 6 N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to pH˜12. Then add 3×35mL of isopropyl acetate and separated the phases. Combine the organiclayers and wash with 25 mL of 15% aqueous solution of sodium chloride.Separate the phases and concentrate the organic layer under reducedpressure (100−12 mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. To theresidue (˜3.1 g; 0.0159 mol) add 20 mL of ethanol 200 proof and then addthe solution of 4.29 g (0.0111 mol) of (−)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acidin 10 mL of ethanol 200 proof over 7 minutes while maintaining aninternal temperature at 20-23° C. Stir the reaction mixture at aninternal temperature 22±2° C. for 7 h. Warm up the mixture to aninternal temperature 50±2° C. and stir at this temperature for anadditional 2 h. Cool to an internal temperature 22±2° C. and collect thesolid by filtration over a Büchner funnel, and wash the solid with 3×5mL of ethanol 200 proof. Then suspend the solid (˜2.03 g) in 25 mL ofethanol 200 proof at an internal temperature 22±2° C. and warm up themixture to an internal temperature 77±2° C. Then add slowly 40 mL ofmethanol to get a solution at reflux. Cool the solution to an internaltemperature 40±2° C. and concentrate the solution under reduced pressure(50−40 mbar) at an internal temperature 38±2° C. to a batch volume of˜25-30 mL (light suspension). Then cool to an internal temperature 22±2°C. and stir the suspension for 48 h. Collect the solid by filtrationover a Büchner funnel, and wash the solid with 3×2 mL of ethanol 200proof. Dry the solid under reduced pressure (20 mbar) at 35° C. for 12 hto give 1.27 g of D-8 salts in ratio of desireddiastereomer/undesired=97.4/2.6. (The desired diastereomer is formingsalt with (−)-di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid in ratio 2/1).

Step 8: Preparation of Intermediate D-9

To D-8 (1.27 g) add 6 mL of water and 1 mL of 6 N aqueous solution ofsodium hydroxide to pH˜12. Then add 3×10 mL of isopropyl acetate andseparated the phases. Combine the organic layers and wash with 10 mL of15% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Separate the phases andconcentrate the organic layer under reduced pressure (100−12 mbar) at aninternal temperature 35-40° C. to get 0.656 g of D-9 compound as verylight yellow oil.

Example 11 Synthesis of E-5 Synthetic Intermediate to SpirocyclicAminoalcohols Step 1: Synthesis of E-2

The 1-L, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, Dean-Stark separator, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 46.1 g (0.4 mol) of(S)-(+)-5-hydroxymethyl-2-pyrrolidinone E-1, 81.4 g (0.44 mol) of4-bromobenzaldehyde, 0.84 g (0.0044 mol) of p-toluenosulfonic acid and300 mL of THF. Warm up the reaction mixture to an internal temperature110±2° C. Stir the reaction mixture at this temperature for ˜20 h whilecollecting water (˜7 mL) using a Dean-Stark water separator. Then coolthe reaction mixture to an internal temperature of 20±2° C. and washwith 2×25 mL of 5% aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and 3×50 mL ofsaturated aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite and 2×50 mL of water. Drythe organic layer over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filter, wash withtoluene and concentrate the organic layer under reduced pressure (75−32mbar) at an internal temperature 30-35° C. to afford 94.8 g of crudecompound E-2 as an oil, which crystallized at RT after couple days.Crude compound E-2 was used directly to the next step.

Step 2: Synthesis of E-3

A 2-L, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer,addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser with nitrogeninlet-outlet is charged with 52.8 g (0.187 mol) of crude compound E-2and 300 mL of THF. Cool the solution to an internal temperature of−75±2° C. and add 196.6 mL (0.197 mol) of lithiumbis(trimethylsilyl)amide 1.0 M solution in THF over 1 h whilemaintaining an internal temperature at −75±2° C. Stir the reactionmixture at an internal temperature −75±2° C. for 2 h. Add the solutionof 14.5 g (0.207 mol) of cyclobutanone in 150 mL of THF over 45 minwhile maintaining an internal temperature at −75±2° C. and stir at thistemperature for 1.5 h. Add to the reaction mixture 510 mL of saturatedaqueous solution of ammonium chloride over 20 min at an internaltemperature of −75 to −35° C. Warm up the reaction mixture to aninternal temperature 20±2° C. and add 510 mL of ethyl acetate. Separatethe phases and extract the aqueous phase with 2×360 mL of ethyl acetate.Combine the organic layers and wash with 480 mL of 15% aqueous of sodiumchloride. Separate the phases and concentrate the organic layer (˜2 L)under reduced pressure (75−32 mbar) at an internal temperature 30-35° C.to afford 64.8 g of crude compound E-3 as an oil, which crystallized atRT after couple days. Crude compound E-3 was used directly to the nextstep.

Step 3: Synthesis of E-4

A 2-L, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer,addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser with nitrogeninlet-outlet is charged with 51.0 g (0.145 mol) of crude compound E-3and 450 mL of THF. Cool the solution to an internal temperature of 0±2°C. and add 73.3 g (0.73 mol) of triethylamine over 20 min whilemaintaining an internal temperature at 0±2° C. Then add 3.54 g (0.029mol) of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Stir the reaction mixture at aninternal temperature 0±2° C. for 25 min. Add 26.1 g (0.23 mol) ofmethanesulfonyl chloride over 30 min while maintaining an internaltemperature at 0±2° C. and stir at this temperature for 0.5 h. Warm upthe reaction mixture to an internal temperature 65±2° C. and stir atthis temperature for ˜17 h. Cool the reaction mixture to an internaltemperature of 22±2° C. and add 315 mL of sat. aqueous solution ofammonium chloride and 315 mL of ethyl acetate. Separate the phases andextract the aqueous phase with 2×315 mL of ethyl acetate. Combine theorganic layers and wash with 300 mL of 12% aqueous of sodium chloride.Separate the phases and concentrate the organic layer (˜1.4 L) underreduced pressure (150−12 mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. toafford 52.6 g of crude compound E-4 as brown solid.

Compound E-4 is crystallized by charging a 0.5-L, 4-neckedround-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, additionfunnel, digital thermometer and condenser with nitrogen inlet-outletwith 52.6 g of crude compound E-4 and 120 mL of ethanol 200 proof. Warmup the reaction to an internal temperature 65±2° C. to get a darksolution. Cool the reaction mixture to an internal temperature of 22±2°C. over ˜1 h and stir at this temperature for 17 h. Then filter thesuspension and wash solid with 4×10 mL of cold ethanol 200 proof. Drythe solid under reduced pressure (20 mbar) at 35° C. for 24 h to get25.8 g of pure compound E-4.

Step 4: Synthesis of E-5 and E-6

A 250-mL, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 11.73 g (0.105 mol) of potassiumtert-butoxide and 45 mL of DMSO. Stir the mixture at an internaltemperature 22±2° C. for 15 min to get a solution and add 9.32 g (0.105mol) g of 2-nitropropane over 15 min while maintaining an internaltemperature at 23-43° C. Warm up to an internal temperature 65±2° C. andstir the reaction mixture at this temperature for 0.5 h. Then add as asolid 25.0 g (0.075 mol) of compound E-4 over 15 min while maintainingan internal temperature at 65-68° C. Wash with 2 mL of DMSO. Warm up thereaction mixture to an internal temperature 100±2° C. and stir at thistemperature for 84 h. Cool the reaction mixture to an internaltemperature of 22±2° C. and add 47 mL of 6% aqueous solution of sodiumchloride and 26 mL of TBME. Separate the phases and extract the aqueousphase with 2×30 mL of TBME. Combine the organic layers and wash with 30mL of 6% aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Separate the phases andconcentrate the organic layer (˜100 mL) under reduced pressure (150−12mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. to afford 26.0 g of crudecompound E-5 as dense dark orange oil. Dissolve this oil in 20 mL oftoluene and load it on the column containing 90.0 g of silica gel.Ellute the column with 1.6 L of toluene collecting the elluent in 0.2 Laliquots. Combine first seven aliquots and concentrate (˜1.4 L) underreduced pressure (80−12 mbar) at an internal temperature 35-40° C. toafford 19.7 g of crude compound E-5 as dense orange oil.

A 250-mL, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 19.4 g of crude compound E-5 and55.8 mL of ethanol 200 proof. A homogeneous solution is obtained bywarming the flask to an internal temperature 50±2° C. Add 12.2 mL ofwater over 5 min while maintaining an internal temperature at 47-50° C.Cool the reaction mixture to an internal temperature of 40±2° C. andseed it with about 15 mg of compound E-6 (desired diastereomer).

Then cool to an internal temperature 22±2° C. over about 30 minutes andstir at this temperature for 12 h. Then filter the suspension and washsolid with 3×15 mL of ethanol/water (80% v/v). Dry the solid underreduced pressure (20 mbar) at 35° C. for 5 h to get 11.26 g of compound5 (ratio ˜34/66−undesired/desired).

A 250-mL, 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, addition funnel, digital thermometer and condenser withnitrogen inlet-outlet is charged with 11.26 g of compound E-5 (ratio˜34/66−undesired/desired) and 55.8 mL of ethanol 200 proof. Warm up thereaction to an internal temperature 50±2° C. to get a solution. Add 12.2mL of water over 5 min while maintaining an internal temperature at47-50° C. Seed it with about 15 mg of compound E-6 (desireddiastereomer) at an internal temperature 50±2° C. Then cool to aninternal temperature 22±2° C. over ˜0.5 h and stir at this temperaturefor 12 h. Then filter the suspension and wash solid with 3×15 mL ofethanol/water (80% v/v). Dry the solid under reduced pressure (20 mbar)at 35° C. for 5 h to get 7.39 g of compound 5 (ratio˜17/83−undesired/desired).

Additional crystallizations may be carried out to obtain a desired levelof diasteromeric excess.

Mass spectral analysis for the compounds of Table A, e.g., Compounds A-1through A-87 has been measured using a Waters ZQ MS device.

TABLE C MS (M + H⁺) Compound No. Found A-1 767.6 A-2 767.6 A-3 741.6 A-4781.6 A-5 781.7 A-6 781.7 A-7 801.4 A-8 781.6 A-9 781.6 A-10 753.7 A-11753.7 A-12 767.1 A-13 767.7 A-14 767.8 A-15 767.8 A-16 803.7 A-17 803.6A-18 793.7 A-19 785.6 A-20 771.6 A-21 779.4 A-22 779.8 A-23 794.0 A-24783.8 A-25 771.5 A-26 765.7 A-27 779.7 A-28 793.6 A-29 793.8 A-30 765.4A-31 779.6 A-32 779.7 A-33 739.4 A-34 796.6 A-35 796.7 A-36 785.6 A-37767.6 A-38 781.7 A-39 795.9 A-40 781.7 A-41 795.6 A-42 796.6 A-43 796.7A-44 755.6 A-45 781.5 A-46 781.2 A-47 753.7 A-48 753.6 A-49 753.4 A-50753.4 A-51 795.5 A-52 767.4 A-53 795.8 A-54 783.6 A-55 739.7 A-56 739.6A-57 727.5 A-58 727.5 A-59 741.5 A-60 781.7 A-61 753.8 A-62 753.4 A-63783.4 A-64 767.5 A-65 767.7 A-66 753.4 A-67 753.5 A-68 753.7 A-69 741.7A-70 799.8 A-71 755.8 A-72 741.5 A-73 727.4 A-74 797.4 A-75 753.4 A-76757.7 A-77 743.6 A-78 757.8 A-79 743.8 A-80 769.6 A-81 755.6 A-82 769.6A-83 755.6 A-84 725.6 A-85 741.9 A-86 797.7 A-87 797.7

Biological Activity Example 12 HCV NS3-4A Protease Assay

The inhibitory activity of certain compounds of Table A against HCVNS3-4A serine protease is determined in a homogenous assay using thefull-length NS3-4A protein (genotype 1a, strain HCV-1) and acommercially available internally-quenched fluorogenic peptide substrateas described by Taliani, M., et al. 1996 Anal. Biochem. 240:60-67, whichis incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Example 13 Luciferase-Based HCV Replicon Assay

The antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of certain compounds of Table Ais determined using a subgenomic genotype 1b HCV replicon cell line(Huh-Luc/neo-ET) containing a luciferase reporter gene, the expressionof which is under the control of HCV RNA replication and translation.Briefly, 5,000 replicon cells are seeded in each well of 96-well tissueculture plates and are allowed to attach in complete culture mediawithout G418 overnight. On the next day, the culture media are replacedwith media containing a serially diluted compound of Table A in thepresence of 10% FBS and 0.5% DMSO. After a 48-h treatment with thecompound of Table A, the remaining luciferase activities in the cellsare determined using BriteLite reagent (Perkin Elmer, Wellesley,Massachusetts) with a LMaxII plate reader (Molecular Probe, Invitrogen).Each data point represents the average of four replicates in cellculture. IC₅₀ is the concentration of the at which the luciferaseactivity in the replicon cells is reduced by 50%. The cytotoxicity ofthe compound of Table A is evaluated using an MTS-based cell viabilityassay.

Compounds in Table A supra have been tested in at least one of theprotease assay of Example 12 or the replicon assay of Example 13 andexhibit an IC₅₀ of less than about 100 nM or less in at least one of theassays recited in Example 12 and 13.

Example 14 Measurement of Thermodynamic Solubility of Compounds of theInvention

Thermodynamic solubility for the compounds of the invention listed inTable C is measured by a published literature procedure, e.g., LipingZhou, et al., J. Pharm. Sci. (2007) 96(11): 3052-3071.

The DMSO stocks of test compounds previously dissolved in 25 μL of DMSO(˜10 mM) in mini-prep vial (MPV: Whatman, with PVDF filter and 0.45 μmpore size) chamber were evaporated via a GeneVac HT-4X evaporator forapproximately 1 hour, at the guard temperature of 30° C. An aliquot of250 μL buffer solution (pH 1.0 or 6.8) was added into each MPV chambercontaining powders reconstituted from DMSO stock solutions. The MPVfilter plungers were pushed down into the chamber until the membrane ofthe filter plunger slightly touched the surface of the buffer to promoteequilibrium between the two compartments and to minimize the adsorptiondue to non-specific binding of samples during the subsequent 24-hrincubation (at 600 RPM at room temperature). Immediately after the 24-hrincubation, the plungers were further pushed down to the bottom of thechambers. More solution was pushed through the membrane and entered theplunger compartment. The filter/chamber assemblies were then put on ashaker for another 30 minutes at 600 RPM. Afterwards, filtrates werefurther diluted (1:10) with 50/50 acetonitrile/water solvent followed bya thorough mixing process. Both plates with diluted and undilutedfiltrates were analyzed by HPLC and quantified against the four-pointstandard dilution curve of the same test compound (5 μM, 35 μM, 65 μMand 100 μM, respectively). In the current study, solubility reflects theaverage of triplicate samples tested at each pH.

Table D recites solubility data for certain compounds of Table A andcomparative Examples 1 and 2 (which correspond, respectively, toExamples A-106 and A-125 of copending international applicationPCT/US2007/066204).

TABLE D Solubility (pH 1) Solubility (pH 6.8) Ex. #. mM mM A-4 0.63 0.2A-5 0.48 0.044 A-6 0.93 <0.005 A-10 0.91 0.024 A-11 0.87 0.092 A-15 0.70.17 A-33 0.79 0.11 A-43 0.64 0.29 A-44 0.69 0.064 A-45 0.72 <0.005 A-500.83 0.24 A-54 0.79 0.028 A-58 0.96 0.93 A-59 0.84 0.55 A-62 0.93 <0.005A-64 0.71 <0.085 A-66 0.84 0.6 A-67 0.74 0.69 A-72 0.84 0.34 A-73 0.81<0.005 A-82 0.83 <0.005 A-7 0.9 0.84 Comparative Example 1 <0.005 <0.004Comparative Example 2 0.047 <0.004

Example 15 Measurement of Pharmacokinetic Profile

Compounds listed in Table D are administered as a solution orally viagavage at 10 mg/kg to Sprague Dawley rats at a dosing volume of 10ml/kg. Samples are collected via a surgically implanted cannula atselected timepoints deemed necessary to characterize pharmacokineticparameters. Blood samples are placed on wet ice and spun down to plasmawithin 5 minutes of timepoint collection. Plasma samples are frozenuntil bioanalytical analysis.

Compounds listed in Table D are administered intravenously into asurgically implanted cannula as a solution at 1 mg/kg to Sprague Dawleyrats at a dosing volume of 1 ml/kg. Samples are collected via anothersurgically implanted cannula at selected timepoints deemed necessary tocharacterize pharmacokinetic parameters. Blood samples are placed on wetice and spun down to plasma within 5 minutes of timepoint collection.Plasma samples are frozen until bioanalytical analysis.

Table E recites pharmacodynamic data for certain compounds of Table Aand comparative examples 1 and 2 (which correspond, respectively, toExamples A-106 and A-125 of copending international applicationPCT/US2007/066204).

TABLE E AUC Cmax Bioavailability Example # (nM · h/mg/kg) (nM) (% F)A-10 460 1473 46 A-15 474 2032 42 A-44 523 1108 43 A-54 416 1428 28 A-59203 653 n.d. A-62 241 796 36 A64 274 904 n.d. Comparative 65 228 12Example 1 Comparative 87 388 9 Example 2 n.d.—not determined due to lackof corresponding intravenous administration data.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments and methods described herein. Such equivalents are intendedto be encompassed by the scope of the following claims.

1.-17. (canceled)
 18. A method of making a compound of Formula V:

the method comprising the steps of (a) providing a compound of FormulaIII:

(b) providing a compound of Formula IV:

(c) contacting the compound of Formula III with the compound of FormulaIV and a base in a solvent under conditions conducive to formation of acompound of Formula II:

(d) contacting the compound of Formula II with an inorganic ororganometallic compound or salt comprising at least one metal hydrogenbond in a solvent under conditions conducive to formation of a compoundof Formula VI:

(e) contacting the compound of Formula VI with dihydrogen and ahydrogenation catalyst in a solvent under conditions conducive toformation of a compound of Formula V:

wherein x is zero, one or two; Z¹ and Z³ are each independently selectedCR⁸R⁹; Z² is absent or is selected from the group consisting of O, S,CR⁸R⁹, or NR¹⁰; R⁶, R⁷, R¹³ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or aryl; or R⁶ and R⁷ taken incombination form a three to six membered saturated three to sevenmembered carbocycle, which is optionally substituted by zero to threesubstituents; R⁸, R⁹, R¹¹ and R¹² are independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy,haloC₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkoxy, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl, C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, oraryl; or R¹¹ and R¹² taken in combination form a three to six memberedsaturated three to seven membered carbocycle, which is optionallysubstituted by zero to three substituents; R¹⁰ is selected fromhydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, haloC₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxyC₁₋₆alkyl,C₁₋₆alkoxyC₁₋₆alkyl, aryl and aralkyl; R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl,C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R¹⁶ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl,C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and R¹⁷ is cyano, nitro,C₁₋₆alkylsulfonate, haloC₁₋₆alkylsulfonate, arylsulfonate, or halogen.19.-22. (canceled)
 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the solvent ofstep (c) is a dialkyl sulfoxide, a cyclic ether, dimethylformamide,dimethyl acetamide, acetonitrile, a C₁₋₆alcohol or N-methylpyrrolidine;the solvent of step (d) is an ether, a cyclic ether, an aromatichydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof; and the solvent of step (e) is anester, an ether, a cyclic ether, a C₁₋₆alcohol, a C₁₋₆alkanoic acid, ora mixture thereof.
 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the inorganic ororganometallic compound or salt is a aluminum or boron compound or saltcomprising at least one aluminum-hydrogen bond or at least oneboron-hydrogen bond.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the aluminumcompound or salt is selected from aluminum hydride, lithium aluminumhydride, sodium aluminum hydride, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)aluminum hydrides,di(C₁₋₄alkoxy)aluminum hydrides, di(C₁₋₄alkoxyC₁₋₄alkoxy)aluminumhydrides; and the boron compounds are selected from metal borohydrides,metal cyanoborohydrides, borane, and diborane.
 26. The method of claim18, wherein the hydrogenation catalyst is selected from rhodium,iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, and mixtures thereof depositedonto a substrate, wherein the substrate is selected from carbon,alumina, and silica. 27.-34. (canceled)